Material Science Preface ________________________________________________ Preface to the first Edition SI Units Physical Constants Conversion Factors Greek Alphabets 1) Introduction 1.1 Material science and Engineering 1.2 Classification of Engineering Materials 1.3 Levels of structure 1.4 Structure-property Relationships in Material _________________________________________________________ Suggestions for further reading 1.5 Equilibrium and kinetics 1.6 Stability and met stability 1.7 Basic thermodynamic function 1.8 The statistical nature of entropy 1.9 The kinetics of thermally activated processes 3. Crystal geometry and structure determination GEOMETRY OF CRYSTALS 3.1 The space lattices 3.2 Space lattices and crystal structures 3.3 Crystal directions and planes STRUCTURE DETERMINATION BY X-RAY DIFFRACTION 3.4 The Bragg law of X-ray diffraction 3.5 The powder method 3.6 Structure determination 2 ) Atomic Structure and chemical bonding STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM 4.1 The quantum states 4.2 The periodic table 4.3 Ionization potential, Electron affinity and Electro negativity CHEMICAL BONDING 4.4 Bond energy , bond type and bond length 4.5 Ionic bonding 4.6 Covalent bonding 4.7 Metallic bonding 4.8 Secondary bonding 4.9 Variation in bonding character and properties 3 STRUCTURE OF SOILDS 5.1 The crystalline and the non crystalline states INORGANIC SOLIDS 5.2 Covalent solids 5.3 Metals and alloys 5.4 Ionic solids 5.5 The structure of silica and the silicates POLYMERS 5.6 Classification of polymers 5.7 Structure of long chain polymers 5.8 Crystallinity of long chain polymers 6. Crystal imperfections 6.1 Point imperfections 6.2 The geometry of dislocations 6.3 Other properties of dislocations 131 6.4 Surface Imperfection Phase Diagrams 7.1 The phase rule 7.2 single-component systems 7.3 Binary phase diagrams 7.4 Micro structural changes during cooling 7.5 The lever rule 7.6 Summary of phase diagram rules 7.7 Some typical phase diagrams 7.8 Other applications of phase diagrams 8 Diffusion in solids 8.1 Fick’s laws of diffusion 8.2 Solution to flick’s second law 8.3Applications based on the second law solution 8.4 The kirkendall effect 8.5 The atomic model of diffusion 8.6 Other diffusion processes 9 Phase transformations 9.1 Time scale for phase changes NUCLEATION AND GROWTH 9.2 The nucleation kinetics 9.3 The growth and the overall transformation kinetics APPLICATIONS 9.4 Transformations in steel 9.5 Precipitation processes 9.6 Solidification and crystallization 9.7 The glass transition 9.8 Recovery, Recrystallization and grain growth 10 ELASTIC BEHAVIOUR 10.1 Atomic model of elastic behavior 10.2 The modulus as a parameter in design 10.3 Rubber-like Elasticity ANELASTIC BEHAVIOUR 10.4 Relaxation processes VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOUR 10.5 Spring-dashpot models 11 Plastic deformation and creep in crystalline Materials PLASTIC DEFORMATION 11.1 The tensile stress-strain curve 11.2 Plastic deformation by slip 11.3 The shear strength of perfect and real crystals 11.4 The stress to move a dislocation 11.5 The effect of temperature on the stress to move a dislocation 11.6 Multiplication of Dislocations during deformation 11.7 Work hardening and dynamic recovery 11.8 The effect of grain size on dislocation motion 11.9 The effect of solute atoms on dislocation motion 11.10 The effect of precipitate particles on dislocation motion 11.11 Review of strengthening methods Creep 11.12 Mechanisms of creep 11.13 creep resistant materials 12 Fracture 12.1 Ductile fracture 12.2 Brittle fracture 12.3 Fracture toughness 12.4 The ductile-brittle transition 12.5 Fracture mechanism maps 12.6 Methods of protection against fracture 12.7 Fatigue fracture 13 Oxidation and Corrosion OXIDATION 13.1 Mechanisms of oxidation 13.2 Oxidation resistant Materials CORROSION 13.3 The principles of corrosion 13.4 protections against corrosion 14 Conductors and resistors 14.1 The resistivity range 14.2 The free electron theory 14.3 Conductor by free electrons 14.4 Conductor and resistor materials 14.5 Superconducting materials 15 Semiconductors 15.1 The Energy gap in solids 15.2 Intrinsic semiconductors 15.3 Extrinsic semiconductors 15.4 Semiconductor materials 15.5 Fabrication of integrated circuits 15.6 Some semiconductor devices 16 Magnetic Materials 16.1 Terminology and classification 16.2 Magnetic moments due to electron spin 16.3 Ferromagnetism and related phenomena 16.4 The domain structure 16.5 The hysteresis loop 16.6 Soft magnetic materials 16.7 Hard magnetic materials 17 Dielectric Materials 17.1 Polarization 17.2 Temperature and frequency effects 17.3 Electric Breakdown 17.4 ferroelectric materials
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