POWER ELECTRONICS & DEVICES Introduction 1 What is power electronics History Power electronics applications Power semiconductor devices and their classifications Power semiconductor devices: characteristics and ratings Ideal and real switches: comparison of characteristics Ideal switch characteristics Desirable characteristics of a real switch Power loss characteristics of an ideal switch Power loss characteristics in a real switch Power loss characteristics in a real switch Power electronic systems Types of power electronic circuits/converters Merits and demerits of power electronic converters Recent developments Summary Solved examples Review questions Problems 2 Power switching devices and their characteristics Preliminaries Power diodes Diode v-I characteristics Diode reverse recovery characteristics Types and ratings of power diodes Series and parallel operation of diodes Thyristors Structure, symbol, and V-I characteristics Transistor analogy Thyristor turn-on methods Thyristor turn-off methods Switching characteristics of thyristors Switching characteristics during turn-on Switching characteristics during turn-off Thyristor gate characteristics Thyristor commutation methods Natural commutation Forced commutation Thyristor protection Over voltage protection Suppression of overvoltage’s Overcurrent protection Snubber circuits Thyristor ratings Anode voltage ratings Current rating Surge current ratings dildt rating Series and parallel operation of thyristors Series operation Parallel operation Triggering of thyristors Triggering of thyristors in series Triggering of parallel connected SCRs Heat sinks heating, cooling and mounting of thyristors Thermal resistance Thyristor trigger circuits RC firing circuits Synchronized UJT triggering Ramp and pedestal triggering Pulse transformers Other thyristor devices TRIAC DIAC LASCR Programmable unilateral transistor Silicon unilateral switch Reverse conducting thyristor GTO thyristor Power transistors Bipolar junction transistor Power MOSFET Comparison of MOSFET and BJT Insulated gate bipolar transistor Basic structure Equivalent circuit Operation models Output characteristics Transfer characteristics Switching characteristics Lath-up Safe operating area Applications MOS controlled thyristor Typical rating of high power devices Driver circuits for gate communication devices GATE drive circuits for power MOSFET Driver circuits for IGBT Base-drive circuits for power BJT GATE drive circuits for GTO Solved examples Review questions Problems 3 AC to DC converters Preliminaries The principle of phase control Converter classifications Single-phase half wave thyristor rectifier with RL load Single phase half wave thyristor rectifier with RL load and Free-wheeling diode Single-phase half wave thyristor rectifier with RLE load Single phase full wave mid-point thyristor recitifier converter Single-phase full wave bridge converters Single-phase bridge rectifier connected to resistance load Series RL load RL load with free-wheeling diode Full wave bridge rectifier feeding RLE load Single-phase semi-converter Calculation of active and reactive power inputs Effect of load inductance Three-phase thyristor converter circuits Three-phase half wave converter Three-phase full converters bridges Dual converters Dual converters without circulating current Dual converters Two semi converters in series Two single phase full converters in series Twelve-pulse converters Gating circuits Cosine firing scheme Solved examples Review questions Problems 4 AC to AC converters Preliminaries AC voltage controllers Types of AC voltage controllers Methods of voltage control Single-phase AC voltage controller supplying R loads Single-phase AC voltage controller Single-phase transformer tap changer Cycloconverters Principle of operation Single-phase to single-phase cycloconverter feeding RL load Single-phase to single-phase cyclonverters Three-phase to single-phase cycloconveters Output voltage equation Effect of source inductance Solved examples Review questions Problems 5 DC to DC converters Preliminaries Principle of chopper operation Control schemes Constant frequency scheme Variable frequency scheme Current limit control Step up choppers Chopper circuits: classification Steady state time-domain analysis of type a chopper Thyristor based chopper circuits Voltage commuted chopper Current commutated chopper Load commutated chopper Multiphase choppers Switch mode power supplies Switch mode DC-DC converter Buck converter Boost-type converter Buck boost converter Cuk converters Switch mode DC-D converter Fly back converter Push-pull converter Half-bridge converter Full-bridge converter Resonant converter Zero-current switching resonant converters Zero-voltage switching resonant converters Comparison between ZCS and ZVS converters Solved examples Review questions Problems 6 Inverters Preliminaries Classification Parallel inverters Basic parallel inverter Modified parallel inverter Series inverters Basic series inverter Modifications of series inverter Single-phase bridge voltage source inverter Single-phase half bridge inverter Single-phase full bridge inverter Steady state response of single-phase inverters Force commutated thyristor inverter Mc Murray inverter Modified Mc Murray full bridge inverter Mc murray-bedford half bridge inverter Three-phase bridge inverters Three-phase inverter under 180* mode operation Three phase inverter under 120* mode operation Voltage control in single-phase inverters External control of the AC output voltage External control of the DC input voltage through variable DC link Internal control of the inverter voltage Pulse width modulated inverters Voltage control to three-phase inverter Harmonic reduction in the output voltage Harmonic reduction by transformer connections Current source inverter Single-phase capacitor commuted current source inverter With R load Single-phase auto-sequential commuatated inverter Three-phase current source inverter Solved examples Review questions Problems 7 Power controllers: their applications Preliminaries DC motor speed control Principle of speed control Phase controlled converters Single-phase DC drives Three-phase DC drives Dual converter drives Chopper controlled DC drives AC drives Induction motor drives Speed control by stator voltage control Variable voltage variable frequency control Speed control by chopper controlled rotor reistance Slip power recovery control Synchronous motor control Static circuit beakers DC circuit breakers AC circuit breakers HVDC transmission Types of HVDC lines Converter station Static Var systems Thyristor controlled reactor-fixed capacitor Thyristor switched capacitor-thyristor controlled reactor Uninterrupted power supply On-line UPS Off-line UPS Salient features of an on-line inverter Inverters Transfer switch Solved examples Review questions 8 Microcontroller based control and protection circuits Preliminaries The 8051 pin configuration 8051 Architecture Memory organization The special function register Timers/counters The serial interface The interrupts The power control register The instruction set Addressing modes Arithmetic instructions Logical instructions Data transfer instructions Boolean instructions The program branching and machine control instruction Instruction timing Interfacing the 8051 microcontroller Interfacing external memory Interfacing an input/output devices Interfacing an analog to digital converter Interfacing a digital to analog converter Interfacing a relay and an opt coupler Interfacing a pulse transformer Applications SCR triggering Cycloconverter Fault diagnosis in three-phase thyristor converters using Microcontroller ASICs for motor control applications Need for DSP based motor control Motor control peripherals Review questions References Index
POWER ELECTRONICS & DEVICES
Introduction
1 What is power electronics
History
Power electronics applications
Power semiconductor devices and their classifications
Power semiconductor devices: characteristics and ratings
Ideal and real switches: comparison of characteristics
Ideal switch characteristics
Desirable characteristics of a real switch
Power loss characteristics of an ideal switch
Power loss characteristics in a real switch
Power electronic systems
Types of power electronic circuits/converters
Merits and demerits of power electronic converters
Recent developments
Summary
Solved examples
Review questions
Problems
2 Power switching devices and their characteristics
Preliminaries
Power diodes
Diode v-I characteristics
Diode reverse recovery characteristics
Types and ratings of power diodes
Series and parallel operation of diodes
Thyristors
Structure, symbol, and V-I characteristics
Transistor analogy
Thyristor turn-on methods
Thyristor turn-off methods
Switching characteristics of thyristors
Switching characteristics during turn-on
Switching characteristics during turn-off
Thyristor gate characteristics
Thyristor commutation methods
Natural commutation
Forced commutation
Thyristor protection
Over voltage protection
Suppression of overvoltage’s
Overcurrent protection
Snubber circuits
Thyristor ratings
Anode voltage ratings
Current rating
Surge current ratings dildt rating
Series and parallel operation of thyristors
Series operation
Parallel operation
Triggering of thyristors
Triggering of thyristors in series
Triggering of parallel connected SCRs
Heat sinks heating, cooling and mounting of thyristors
Thermal resistance
Thyristor trigger circuits
RC firing circuits
Synchronized UJT triggering
Ramp and pedestal triggering
Pulse transformers
Other thyristor devices
TRIAC
DIAC
LASCR
Programmable unilateral transistor
Silicon unilateral switch
Reverse conducting thyristor
GTO thyristor
Power transistors
Bipolar junction transistor
Power MOSFET
Comparison of MOSFET and BJT
Insulated gate bipolar transistor
Basic structure
Equivalent circuit
Operation models
Output characteristics
Transfer characteristics
Switching characteristics
Lath-up
Safe operating area
Applications
MOS controlled thyristor
Typical rating of high power devices
Driver circuits for gate communication devices
GATE drive circuits for power MOSFET
Driver circuits for IGBT
Base-drive circuits for power BJT
GATE drive circuits for GTO
3 AC to DC converters
The principle of phase control
Converter classifications
Single-phase half wave thyristor rectifier with RL load
Single phase half wave thyristor rectifier with RL load and
Free-wheeling diode
Single-phase half wave thyristor rectifier with RLE load
Single phase full wave mid-point thyristor recitifier converter
Single-phase full wave bridge converters
Single-phase bridge rectifier connected to resistance load
Series RL load
RL load with free-wheeling diode
Full wave bridge rectifier feeding RLE load
Single-phase semi-converter
Calculation of active and reactive power inputs
Effect of load inductance
Three-phase thyristor converter circuits
Three-phase half wave converter
Three-phase full converters bridges
Dual converters
Dual converters without circulating current
Two semi converters in series
Two single phase full converters in series
Twelve-pulse converters
Gating circuits
Cosine firing scheme
4 AC to AC converters
AC voltage controllers
Types of AC voltage controllers
Methods of voltage control
Single-phase AC voltage controller supplying R loads
Single-phase AC voltage controller
Single-phase transformer tap changer
Cycloconverters
Principle of operation
Single-phase to single-phase cycloconverter feeding RL load
Single-phase to single-phase cyclonverters
Three-phase to single-phase cycloconveters
Output voltage equation
Effect of source inductance
5 DC to DC converters
Principle of chopper operation
Control schemes
Constant frequency scheme
Variable frequency scheme
Current limit control
Step up choppers
Chopper circuits: classification
Steady state time-domain analysis of type a chopper
Thyristor based chopper circuits
Voltage commuted chopper
Current commutated chopper
Load commutated chopper
Multiphase choppers
Switch mode power supplies
Switch mode DC-DC converter
Buck converter
Boost-type converter
Buck boost converter
Cuk converters
Switch mode DC-D converter
Fly back converter
Push-pull converter
Half-bridge converter
Full-bridge converter
Resonant converter
Zero-current switching resonant converters
Zero-voltage switching resonant converters
Comparison between ZCS and ZVS converters
6 Inverters
Classification
Parallel inverters
Basic parallel inverter
Modified parallel inverter
Series inverters
Basic series inverter
Modifications of series inverter
Single-phase bridge voltage source inverter
Single-phase half bridge inverter
Single-phase full bridge inverter
Steady state response of single-phase inverters
Force commutated thyristor inverter
Mc Murray inverter
Modified Mc Murray full bridge inverter
Mc murray-bedford half bridge inverter
Three-phase bridge inverters
Three-phase inverter under 180* mode operation
Three phase inverter under 120* mode operation
Voltage control in single-phase inverters
External control of the AC output voltage
External control of the DC input voltage through variable DC link
Internal control of the inverter voltage
Pulse width modulated inverters
Voltage control to three-phase inverter
Harmonic reduction in the output voltage
Harmonic reduction by transformer connections
Current source inverter
Single-phase capacitor commuted current source inverter
With R load
Single-phase auto-sequential commuatated inverter
Three-phase current source inverter
7 Power controllers: their applications
DC motor speed control
Principle of speed control
Phase controlled converters
Single-phase DC drives
Three-phase DC drives
Dual converter drives
Chopper controlled DC drives
AC drives
Induction motor drives
Speed control by stator voltage control
Variable voltage variable frequency control
Speed control by chopper controlled rotor reistance
Slip power recovery control
Synchronous motor control
Static circuit beakers
DC circuit breakers
AC circuit breakers
HVDC transmission
Types of HVDC lines
Converter station
Static Var systems
Thyristor controlled reactor-fixed capacitor
Thyristor switched capacitor-thyristor controlled reactor
Uninterrupted power supply
On-line UPS
Off-line UPS
Salient features of an on-line inverter
Inverters
Transfer switch
8 Microcontroller based control and protection circuits
The 8051 pin configuration
8051 Architecture
Memory organization
The special function register
Timers/counters
The serial interface
The interrupts
The power control register
The instruction set
Addressing modes
Arithmetic instructions
Logical instructions
Data transfer instructions
Boolean instructions
The program branching and machine control instruction
Instruction timing
Interfacing the 8051 microcontroller
Interfacing external memory
Interfacing an input/output devices
Interfacing an analog to digital converter
Interfacing a digital to analog converter
Interfacing a relay and an opt coupler
Interfacing a pulse transformer
SCR triggering
Cycloconverter
Fault diagnosis in three-phase thyristor converters using
Microcontroller
ASICs for motor control applications
Need for DSP based motor control
Motor control peripherals
References
Index
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