SWITCH, GEAR & PROTECTION 1 Introduction Need for protective systems Nature and causes of faults Types of faults Effects of faults Fault statistics Evolution of protective relays Zones of protection Primary and back-up-protection Essential qualities of protection Performance of protective relays Classification of protection system Classification of protective schemes Automatic reclosing Current transformers for protection Voltage transformers Basic relay terminology Exercise 2 Relay construction and operating principles Introduction Electromechanical relays Static relays Numerical relays Comparison between electromechanical relays And numerical relays Exercises 3 Current and voltage transformers Introduction Current transformers Voltage transformers Summation transformer Phase-sequence current-segregating network Exercises 4 Fault analysis Introduction Per-unit system One-line diagram Impedance and reactance diagrams Symmetrical fault analysis Symmetrical components Unsymmetrical fault analysis Grounding earthling Exercises 5 Over current protection Introduction Time-current characteristics Current setting Time setting Over current protective schemes Reverse power or directional relay Protection of parallel feeders Protection of ring mains Earth fault and phase fault protection Combined earth fault and phase fault Protective scheme Phase fault protective scheme Directional earth fault relay Static over current relays Numerical over current relays Exercises 6 Distance protection Introduction Impedance relay Reactance relay MHO Angle impedance relay Input quantities for various types of Distance relays Sampling comparator Effect of arc resistance on the performance of Distance relays Sampling comparator Effect of arc resistance on the performance of distance relays Reach of distance relays Effect of power surges on the performance of distance relays Effect of line length and source impedance on Distance relays Selection of distance relays MHO relay with blinders Quadrilateral relay Elliptical relay Restricted MHO relay Restricted impedance relay Restricted directional relay Restricted reactance relay Some other distance relay characteristics Swiveling characteristics Choice of characteristics for different zones of Protection Compensation for correct distance measurement Reduction of measuring units Switched schemes Auto-reclosing Appendix Exercises 7 Pilot relaying schemes Introduction Wire pilot protection Carrier current protection Exercises 8 Differential protection Introduction Differential relays Simple differential protection Percentage or biased differential relay Differential protection of 3-phase circuits Balanced voltage differential Protection Exercises 9 Rotating machines protection Introduction Protection Protection of generators Exercises 10 Transformer and buzzone protection Introduction Transformer protection Buszone protection Frame leakage protection Exercises 11 Numerical protections Introduction Numerical relay Data acquisition system Numerical relaying algorithms Mann-Morrison technique Differential equation technique Discrete fourier transform technique Walsh-hadamard transforms technique Block pulse functions technique Wavelet transforms technique Block pulse functions technique Wavelet transform technique Removal of the dc offset Numerical over current protection Numerical distance protection Numerical differential protection Exercises 12 Microprocessor-based numerical protective relays Introduction IC elements and circuits for interfaces A/D converter, analog multiplexer, S/H circuit Over current relays Impedance relay Directional relay Reactance relay Generalized mathematical expression for Distance relays Measurement of R and X Mho and offset Mho Relays Quadrilateral relay Generalized relay Generalized interface for distance relays Microprocessor implementation of digital distance Relaying algorithms Exercises 13 Artificial intelligence based numerical protection Introduction Artificial neural network Fuzzy logic Application of ANN to over current protection Application of ANN to transmission line Protection Neural network based directional relay ANN modular approach for fault detection Classification and location Wavelet fuzzy combined approach for fault detection Classification and location Application of ANN to power transformer Protection Power transformer protection based on neural network and fuzzy logic Network and fuzzy logic Power transformer protection based upon combined Wavelet transform and neural network Application of ANN to generator protection Exercises 14 circuits breakers Introduction Fault clearing time of a circuit breaker Arc voltage Arc interruption Restriking voltage and recovery voltage Resistance switching Current chopping Interruption of capacitive current Classification of circuit breakers Air-break circuits breakers Oil circuit breakers Air blast circuit breakers SF6 circuit breakers Vacuum circuit breakers Operating mechanism Testing of circuits breakers Exercises 15 Fuses Introduction Definitions Fuse characteristics Types of fuses Applications of HRC fuses Selection of fuses Discrimination Exercises 16 protection against overvoltage’s Causes of overvoltages Lightning phenomena Wave shape of voltage due to lightning overvoltages due to lighting Klydonograph and magnetic link Protection of transmission lines against direct Lighting strokes Protection of stations and sub-stations from Direct strokes Protection against travelling waves Peterson coil Insulation coordination Basic impulse insulation level Exercises 17 Modern trends in power system protection Introduction Gas insulated substation/switchgear Frequency relays and load-shedding Field programmable gate arrays based relays Adaptive protection and control Relay reliability advantages of fast fault clearing Exercises
SWITCH, GEAR & PROTECTION
1 Introduction
Need for protective systems
Nature and causes of faults
Types of faults
Effects of faults
Fault statistics
Evolution of protective relays
Zones of protection
Primary and back-up-protection
Essential qualities of protection
Performance of protective relays
Classification of protection system
Classification of protective schemes
Automatic reclosing
Current transformers for protection
Voltage transformers
Basic relay terminology
Exercise
2 Relay construction and operating principles
Introduction
Electromechanical relays
Static relays
Numerical relays
Comparison between electromechanical relays
And numerical relays
Exercises
3 Current and voltage transformers
Current transformers
Summation transformer
Phase-sequence current-segregating network
4 Fault analysis
Per-unit system
One-line diagram
Impedance and reactance diagrams
Symmetrical fault analysis
Symmetrical components
Unsymmetrical fault analysis
Grounding earthling
5 Over current protection
Time-current characteristics
Current setting
Time setting
Over current protective schemes
Reverse power or directional relay
Protection of parallel feeders
Protection of ring mains
Earth fault and phase fault protection
Combined earth fault and phase fault
Protective scheme
Phase fault protective scheme
Directional earth fault relay
Static over current relays
Numerical over current relays
6 Distance protection
Impedance relay
Reactance relay
MHO
Angle impedance relay
Input quantities for various types of
Distance relays
Sampling comparator
Effect of arc resistance on the performance of
Effect of arc resistance on the performance of distance relays
Reach of distance relays
Effect of power surges on the performance of distance relays
Effect of line length and source impedance on
Selection of distance relays
MHO relay with blinders
Quadrilateral relay
Elliptical relay
Restricted MHO relay
Restricted impedance relay
Restricted directional relay
Restricted reactance relay
Some other distance relay characteristics
Swiveling characteristics
Choice of characteristics for different zones of
Protection
Compensation for correct distance measurement
Reduction of measuring units
Switched schemes
Auto-reclosing
Appendix
7 Pilot relaying schemes
Wire pilot protection
Carrier current protection
8 Differential protection
Differential relays
Simple differential protection
Percentage or biased differential relay
Differential protection of 3-phase circuits
Balanced voltage differential
9 Rotating machines protection
Protection of generators
10 Transformer and buzzone protection
Transformer protection
Buszone protection
Frame leakage protection
11 Numerical protections
Numerical relay
Data acquisition system
Numerical relaying algorithms
Mann-Morrison technique
Differential equation technique
Discrete fourier transform technique
Walsh-hadamard transforms technique
Block pulse functions technique
Wavelet transforms technique
Wavelet transform technique
Removal of the dc offset
Numerical over current protection
Numerical distance protection
Numerical differential protection
12 Microprocessor-based numerical protective relays
IC elements and circuits for interfaces
A/D converter, analog multiplexer, S/H circuit
Over current relays
Directional relay
Generalized mathematical expression for
Measurement of R and X
Mho and offset Mho Relays
Generalized relay
Generalized interface for distance relays
Microprocessor implementation of digital distance
Relaying algorithms
13 Artificial intelligence based numerical protection
Artificial neural network
Fuzzy logic
Application of ANN to over current protection
Application of ANN to transmission line
Neural network based directional relay
ANN modular approach for fault detection
Classification and location
Wavelet fuzzy combined approach for fault detection
Application of ANN to power transformer
Power transformer protection based on neural network and fuzzy logic
Network and fuzzy logic
Power transformer protection based upon combined
Wavelet transform and neural network
Application of ANN to generator protection
14 circuits breakers
Fault clearing time of a circuit breaker
Arc voltage
Arc interruption
Restriking voltage and recovery voltage
Resistance switching
Current chopping
Interruption of capacitive current
Classification of circuit breakers
Air-break circuits breakers
Oil circuit breakers
Air blast circuit breakers
SF6 circuit breakers
Vacuum circuit breakers
Operating mechanism
Testing of circuits breakers
15 Fuses
Definitions
Fuse characteristics
Types of fuses
Applications of HRC fuses
Selection of fuses
Discrimination
16 protection against overvoltage’s
Causes of overvoltages
Lightning phenomena
Wave shape of voltage due to lightning overvoltages due to lighting
Klydonograph and magnetic link
Protection of transmission lines against direct
Lighting strokes
Protection of stations and sub-stations from
Direct strokes
Protection against travelling waves
Peterson coil
Insulation coordination
Basic impulse insulation level
17 Modern trends in power system protection
Gas insulated substation/switchgear
Frequency relays and load-shedding
Field programmable gate arrays based relays
Adaptive protection and control
Relay reliability advantages of fast fault clearing
Leave us your details we will revert you as soon as possible.
Copyright © 2014 - All Rights Reserved - nimtweb.org Google
Powered by Nasbar Infotech