PROCESS ENGINEERING Contents Preface xi Contributors xv Introduction xxi A A-1 ASME Specifications A-1 Abrasives A-1 Accident Management A-9 Accountability, Environmental (see Environmental Accountability) Acid Rain A-9 Acoustic Enclosures, Turbine A-10 Actuators A-37 Aerfoils; Airfoils (see Metallurgy; Turbines) Agitators A-38 Agriculture; Agricultural Product Processing A-48 Air Filtration; Air Inlet Filtration for Gas Turbines A-49 Air Pollution Control A-83 Air Purification; Air Sterilization A-101 B B-1 Balancing; Onspeed Balancing of a Rotor B-1 Balancing Problems, Troubleshooting (Turbomachinery) (see Condition Monitoring) Batteries (see Cells) Bearings B-1 Blades and Vanes (for a Turbine) (see Metallurgy; Turbines) Boilers B-11 Borescopes B-11 Brakes B-11 Brick-Lined Process Equipment B-23 Briquette Machines B-28 C C-1 CAD/CAM C-1 CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) C-1 Carbon; Carbon-Graphite Mix Products C-7 Carbon Dioxide (CO2); CO2 Disposal C-13 Castings (see Metallurgy) Cells C-22 Cement; Portland Cement C-22 Centrifuges C-34 Ceramics C-38 v Chemical Cleaning C-38 Chemical Complex; (Petro)Chemical Complex; Chemical Plant C-38 Chemicals C-41 Chemicals (Toxic), Handling C-42 Chillers; Crystallizers; Chemical Separation Method; Alternative to Distillation/ Fractional Distillation C-62 Chimneys (see Stacks) Cleaning C-78 Clutches (see Power Transmission) Coatings (see Ceramics; Metallurgy) Cogeneration C-78 Coker (see Oil Sands) Color Coding C-81 Columns (see Towers and Columns) Combustor(s); Low NOx Combustor (see Turbines) Compressors C-81 Condensers C-233 Condition Monitoring (CM); Condition-Monitoring System(s) (CMS); Engine Condition Monitoring (ECM); Engine Condition–Monitoring System(s) (ECMS) C-253 Control Regulators (see Actuators) Control Systems; Controls C-331 Controls, Retrofit C-354 Conversion Tables (see Some Commonly Used Specifications, Codes, Standards, and Texts) Conveyors C-408 Coolant; Engine Coolant C-408 Coolers, Dairy C-412 Cooling; Cool, Products That (Air Conditioners); Liquid-Cooled Air Conditioners C-413 Cooling Towers C-423 Corrosion; Anticorrosion Coatings C-426 Couplings (see Power Transmission) Crushers C-426 D D-1 Dampeners (see Pulsation Dampeners) Desalination D-1 Dialysis; Electrodialysis D-2 Distillation; Fractional Distillation D-2 Diverter; Diverter Damper; Diverter Valve; Flapper Valve D-3 Doctor D-3 Drives D-3 Drum; Knock-Out Drum; Knock-Out Vessel (see Separators) Drying D-4 Ducting; Ducting and Joints D-18 E E-1 ECM (Engine Condition Monitoring) (see Condition Monitoring) ECMS (Engine Condition–Monitoring Systems) (see Condition Monitoring) Ecological Parks; Industrial Ecological Parks E-1 Ecosystem E-1 Ejectors E-2 Electric Motors; Electric Motor Controls E-3 Emergency Power Generation (Packages) (see Engines, Gas) Emissions; Air Emissions E-36 Engines, Gas E-38 Environmental Accountability E-40 vi Contents Environmental Air Monitoring (see Emissions) Environmental Economics E-49 Evaporative Coolers (see Chillers; Coolers, Dairy) Exhaust Stacks (see Stacks) Exhausters, Centrifugal Gas E-56 Expansion Joints E-57 Explosion; Explosion Hazard Analysis; Explosion Hazards E-67 Extraction, Liquid-Solid E-87 F F-1 Fans, Centrifugal F-1 Filters F-5 Flare Stacks F-12 Floating Covers F-12 Fluidized Bed F-12 Forest Products F-12 Fuel Gas Conditioning System(s) F-24 Fuel Systems; Fuel Flow Control F-29 Fuels, Alternative; Fuels, Gas Turbine F-37 G G-1 Gas Turbine Cleaning or Washing (see Turbines) Gas Turbines (see Turbines) Gearboxes (see Power Transmission) Gears (see Power Transmission) Generators; Turbogenerators G-1 Grinding (see Abrasives; Some Commonly Used Specifications, Codes, Standards, and Texts) Grinding Wheels (see Abrasives) H H-1 Hazards (see Color Coding; Explosion; Some Commonly Used Specifications, Codes, Standards, and Texts) Heat Exchangers H-1 Heat Pumps; Heat Pumps, Geothermal; Heating Systems with a Renewable Energy Source H-1 Heat Treatment (see Metallurgy) Heaters, Electric H-6 High-Speed Drive Systems (see Power Transmission) Hot Isostatic Pressing (or HIPing) (see Metallurgy) Hydraulic Filters (see Filters) I I-1 Industrial Ecological Park (see Ecological Parks) Industrial Ecology (see Ecological Parks) Inlet Ducts and Silencers (see Acoustic Enclosures, Turbine; Air Filtration; Ducting) Instrumentation (see Condition Monitoring; Measurement) Insulation (see Some Commonly Used Specifications, Codes, Standards, and Texts) Irradiation, Food Product I-1 L L-1 LCA (see Life-Cycle Assessment) LNG (see Liquid Natural Gas) Laser Cutting, Drilling, Machining,Welding (see Metallurgy) Contents vii Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) (of Turbomachinery) L-1 Liquid Eliminators (see Separators) Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) L-21 Lubrication L-24 M M-1 Magnetic Bearings (see Bearings) Measurement M-1 Metallurgy; Metallurgical Repair; Metallurgical Refurbishment M-31 Metering, Fluids; Metering Pumps (see Fuel Systems) Mist Eliminators (see Separators) Mixers (see Agitators; Centrifuges) Monitoring (see Condition Monitoring) Motors (see Electric Motors) N N-1 Noise and Noise Measurement (see Acoustic Enclosures, Turbine) Noise Silencing and Abatement (see Acoustic Enclosures, Turbine) Nondestructive Testing (FP1, MP1, X Ray) (see Metallurgy) Nozzles N-1 O O-1 Oil Analysis O-1 Oil Sands; Synthetic Crude; Tar Sands; Shale O-1 Oxygen Analysis O-1 Ozone O-4 P P-1 Packaging P-1 Paper (see Pulp and Paper) P-1 Pipe (see Some Commonly Used Specifications, Codes, Standards, and Texts) P-1 Plastics P-1 Pollutants, Chemical; Pollutants, (from) Chemical Processes; Pollutant Indicators; Pollutants, Toxic; Pollutants, Toxic Chemicals P-7 Portland Cement (see Cement) P-72 Power Production; Power Production In-House; IPP; SPP P-72 Power Transmission P-73 Pulp and Paper P-204 Pulsation Dampeners P-214 Pumps P-214 R R-1 Reactors; Chemical Reactors R-1 Refineries, Petroleum R-1 Refrigerant(s) R-10 Regenerator R-19 S S-1 Seals; Gas Seals S-1 Separators S-10 Snubbers (see Pulsation Dampeners) viii Contents Stacks S-29 Steam Generator and Steam Supply S-38 T T-1 Tanks T-1 Temperature and Pressure Sensors (see Measurement) Thermal Insulation (see Some Commonly Used Specifications, Codes, Standards, and Texts) Thin-Film Processors (see Chillers) Torque Converters, Measurements, and Meters (see Power Transmission) Towers and Columns T-40 Toxic Substances (see Pollutants, Chemical) Transportation, of Bulk Chemicals, of Large Process Equipment T-40 Triple Redundancy T-41 Turbines, Gas T-43 Turbines, Steam T-76 Turbochargers T-112 Turboexpanders T-114 U U-1 Ultrasonic Cleaning U-1 V V-1 Valves (see Control Systems) Vanes (see Metallurgy) Vaporizers; Vaporizer Applications V-1 Vents and Flame Arrestors V-31 Vibration Measurement (see Condition Monitoring) W W-1 Waste Heat Recovery (see Cogeneration) Waste Management W-1 Welding (see Metallurgy) Some Commonly Used Specifications, Codes, Standards, Texts Sp-1 Index In-1 Contents ix
Contents
Preface xi
Contributors xv
Introduction xxi
A A-1
ASME Specifications A-1
Abrasives A-1
Accident Management A-9
Accountability, Environmental (see Environmental Accountability)
Acid Rain A-9
Acoustic Enclosures, Turbine A-10
Actuators A-37
Aerfoils; Airfoils (see Metallurgy; Turbines)
Agitators A-38
Agriculture; Agricultural Product Processing A-48
Air Filtration; Air Inlet Filtration for Gas Turbines A-49
Air Pollution Control A-83
Air Purification; Air Sterilization A-101
B B-1
Balancing; Onspeed Balancing of a Rotor B-1
Balancing Problems, Troubleshooting (Turbomachinery) (see Condition Monitoring)
Batteries (see Cells)
Bearings B-1
Blades and Vanes (for a Turbine) (see Metallurgy; Turbines)
Boilers B-11
Borescopes B-11
Brakes B-11
Brick-Lined Process Equipment B-23
Briquette Machines B-28
C C-1
CAD/CAM C-1
CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) C-1
Carbon; Carbon-Graphite Mix Products C-7
Carbon Dioxide (CO2); CO2 Disposal C-13
Castings (see Metallurgy)
Cells C-22
Cement; Portland Cement C-22
Centrifuges C-34
Ceramics C-38
v
Chemical Cleaning C-38
Chemical Complex; (Petro)Chemical Complex; Chemical Plant C-38
Chemicals C-41
Chemicals (Toxic), Handling C-42
Chillers; Crystallizers; Chemical Separation Method; Alternative to Distillation/
Fractional Distillation C-62
Chimneys (see Stacks)
Cleaning C-78
Clutches (see Power Transmission)
Coatings (see Ceramics; Metallurgy)
Cogeneration C-78
Coker (see Oil Sands)
Color Coding C-81
Columns (see Towers and Columns)
Combustor(s); Low NOx Combustor (see Turbines)
Compressors C-81
Condensers C-233
Condition Monitoring (CM); Condition-Monitoring System(s) (CMS); Engine
Condition Monitoring (ECM); Engine Condition–Monitoring System(s) (ECMS) C-253
Control Regulators (see Actuators)
Control Systems; Controls C-331
Controls, Retrofit C-354
Conversion Tables (see Some Commonly Used Specifications, Codes, Standards,
and Texts)
Conveyors C-408
Coolant; Engine Coolant C-408
Coolers, Dairy C-412
Cooling; Cool, Products That (Air Conditioners); Liquid-Cooled Air Conditioners C-413
Cooling Towers C-423
Corrosion; Anticorrosion Coatings C-426
Couplings (see Power Transmission)
Crushers C-426
D D-1
Dampeners (see Pulsation Dampeners)
Desalination D-1
Dialysis; Electrodialysis D-2
Distillation; Fractional Distillation D-2
Diverter; Diverter Damper; Diverter Valve; Flapper Valve D-3
Doctor D-3
Drives D-3
Drum; Knock-Out Drum; Knock-Out Vessel (see Separators)
Drying D-4
Ducting; Ducting and Joints D-18
E E-1
ECM (Engine Condition Monitoring) (see Condition Monitoring)
ECMS (Engine Condition–Monitoring Systems) (see Condition Monitoring)
Ecological Parks; Industrial Ecological Parks E-1
Ecosystem E-1
Ejectors E-2
Electric Motors; Electric Motor Controls E-3
Emergency Power Generation (Packages) (see Engines, Gas)
Emissions; Air Emissions E-36
Engines, Gas E-38
Environmental Accountability E-40
vi Contents
Environmental Air Monitoring (see Emissions)
Environmental Economics E-49
Evaporative Coolers (see Chillers; Coolers, Dairy)
Exhaust Stacks (see Stacks)
Exhausters, Centrifugal Gas E-56
Expansion Joints E-57
Explosion; Explosion Hazard Analysis; Explosion Hazards E-67
Extraction, Liquid-Solid E-87
F F-1
Fans, Centrifugal F-1
Filters F-5
Flare Stacks F-12
Floating Covers F-12
Fluidized Bed F-12
Forest Products F-12
Fuel Gas Conditioning System(s) F-24
Fuel Systems; Fuel Flow Control F-29
Fuels, Alternative; Fuels, Gas Turbine F-37
G G-1
Gas Turbine Cleaning or Washing (see Turbines)
Gas Turbines (see Turbines)
Gearboxes (see Power Transmission)
Gears (see Power Transmission)
Generators; Turbogenerators G-1
Grinding (see Abrasives; Some Commonly Used Specifications, Codes, Standards,
Grinding Wheels (see Abrasives)
H H-1
Hazards (see Color Coding; Explosion; Some Commonly Used Specifications,
Codes, Standards, and Texts)
Heat Exchangers H-1
Heat Pumps; Heat Pumps, Geothermal; Heating Systems with a Renewable Energy
Source H-1
Heat Treatment (see Metallurgy)
Heaters, Electric H-6
High-Speed Drive Systems (see Power Transmission)
Hot Isostatic Pressing (or HIPing) (see Metallurgy)
Hydraulic Filters (see Filters)
I I-1
Industrial Ecological Park (see Ecological Parks)
Industrial Ecology (see Ecological Parks)
Inlet Ducts and Silencers (see Acoustic Enclosures, Turbine; Air Filtration; Ducting)
Instrumentation (see Condition Monitoring; Measurement)
Insulation (see Some Commonly Used Specifications, Codes, Standards, and Texts)
Irradiation, Food Product I-1
L L-1
LCA (see Life-Cycle Assessment)
LNG (see Liquid Natural Gas)
Laser Cutting, Drilling, Machining,Welding (see Metallurgy)
Contents vii
Life-Cycle Assessment (LCA) (of Turbomachinery) L-1
Liquid Eliminators (see Separators)
Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) L-21
Lubrication L-24
M M-1
Magnetic Bearings (see Bearings)
Measurement M-1
Metallurgy; Metallurgical Repair; Metallurgical Refurbishment M-31
Metering, Fluids; Metering Pumps (see Fuel Systems)
Mist Eliminators (see Separators)
Mixers (see Agitators; Centrifuges)
Monitoring (see Condition Monitoring)
Motors (see Electric Motors)
N N-1
Noise and Noise Measurement (see Acoustic Enclosures, Turbine)
Noise Silencing and Abatement (see Acoustic Enclosures, Turbine)
Nondestructive Testing (FP1, MP1, X Ray) (see Metallurgy)
Nozzles N-1
O O-1
Oil Analysis O-1
Oil Sands; Synthetic Crude; Tar Sands; Shale O-1
Oxygen Analysis O-1
Ozone O-4
P P-1
Packaging P-1
Paper (see Pulp and Paper) P-1
Pipe (see Some Commonly Used Specifications, Codes, Standards, and Texts) P-1
Plastics P-1
Pollutants, Chemical; Pollutants, (from) Chemical Processes; Pollutant Indicators;
Pollutants, Toxic; Pollutants, Toxic Chemicals P-7
Portland Cement (see Cement) P-72
Power Production; Power Production In-House; IPP; SPP P-72
Power Transmission P-73
Pulp and Paper P-204
Pulsation Dampeners P-214
Pumps P-214
R R-1
Reactors; Chemical Reactors R-1
Refineries, Petroleum R-1
Refrigerant(s) R-10
Regenerator R-19
S S-1
Seals; Gas Seals S-1
Separators S-10
Snubbers (see Pulsation Dampeners)
viii Contents
Stacks S-29
Steam Generator and Steam Supply S-38
T T-1
Tanks T-1
Temperature and Pressure Sensors (see Measurement)
Thermal Insulation (see Some Commonly Used Specifications, Codes, Standards,
Thin-Film Processors (see Chillers)
Torque Converters, Measurements, and Meters (see Power Transmission)
Towers and Columns T-40
Toxic Substances (see Pollutants, Chemical)
Transportation, of Bulk Chemicals, of Large Process Equipment T-40
Triple Redundancy T-41
Turbines, Gas T-43
Turbines, Steam T-76
Turbochargers T-112
Turboexpanders T-114
U U-1
Ultrasonic Cleaning U-1
V V-1
Valves (see Control Systems)
Vanes (see Metallurgy)
Vaporizers; Vaporizer Applications V-1
Vents and Flame Arrestors V-31
Vibration Measurement (see Condition Monitoring)
W W-1
Waste Heat Recovery (see Cogeneration)
Waste Management W-1
Welding (see Metallurgy)
Some Commonly Used Specifications, Codes, Standards, Texts Sp-1
Index In-1
Contents ix
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