Syllabus For The Subject BASIC PRINCIPLES OF BIO-TECHNOLOGY

UNIT - 01

TAXONOMY - TAZONOMIC LEVELS - HISTORY - FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION -

CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIA - BERGEY`S MANUAL OF SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY -

CHARACTERISTICS USED IN CLASSIFICATION OF BACTERIAL - MORPHOLOGICAL

CHARACTERISTICS - CHEMICAL COMPOSITION - CULTURE CHARACTERICS - METABOLIC

CHARACTERISTICS - ANTIGENIC CHARACTERISTICS - GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS -

ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS - APPROACHES USED TO CLASSIFY

MICROORGANISMS - INTUITIVE METHOD - NUMERICAL TAXONOMY - GENETIC

RELATEDNESS - RIBOSOMAL RNA AND ITS SEQUENCING.

UNIT - 02

BACTERIA - INTRODUCTION - SIZE OF BACTERIA - SHAPE OF BACTERIA - BACTERIAL

CELL - STRUCTURE (ULTRA STRUCTURE OF BACTERIUM) - FLAGELLUM - PILUS -

CAPSULE - BACTERIAL CELL WALL COMPOSITION - CELL WALL OF GRAM POSITIVE AND

GRAM NEGATIVE BACTERIA - PLASMA MEMBRANE - INTRACELLULAR MEMBRANE -

CYTOPLASM - INCLUSION BODIES - NUCLEOID MATERIAL - ACTINOMYCETES -

CLASSIFICATION OF ACTINOMYCETES - FUNGI - CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGI - SUMMARY

OF MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF THE KINGDOM FUNGI - CELL STRUCTURE OF FUNGI

(YEAST CELL) - COMPARISON OF PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC CELLS

UNIT - 03

BIOREACTORS - BIOREACTOR DESIGN FEATURES - IMPORTANT FEATURES IN

DESIGNING A BIOREACTOR - PROVIOSIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS CONTROL

(SENSORS) - AERATION AND AGITATION CONTROL - VESSEL PROPERTIES -

BIOREACTOR TYPES - STIRRED TANK REACTORS - DEEP-JET REACTOR - BUBBLE

COLUMNS - AIRLIFT BIOREACTORS - FLUIDIZED BED REACTORS (PACKED FLUIDIZED

REACTOR) - PACKED BED COLUMN REACTORS (IMMOBLIZED CELL REACTOR) -

CONTINUOUS FERMENTER - DESIGN - MODE OF OPERATION .

UNIT - 04

METABOLITE PROCESSING - BIOPROCESSES - PRIMARY AND SECONDARY

METABOLITES - DOWNSTREAM PROCESSING (BIOSEPARATIONS) - CELL DISRUPTION OR

DISINTEGRATION OF CELLS - PHYSICAL METHODS - THERMOLYSIS - OSMOTIC SHOCK -

ULTRASONICATION - CHEMICAL METHODS - ALKALI TREATMENT - DETERGENT

TREATMENT - CELL WALL PERMEATION - ENZYMATIC METHOD - MECHANICAL

DISRUPTION OF CELLS - BEAD MILL DISRUPTION - HIGH PRESSURE HOMOGENIZER -

FLOCCULATION AND COAGULATION - FILTRATION - PLATE FILTER - ROTARY VACCUM

FILTER - MEMBRANE SEPARATION PROCESSES - MODELS OF MASS TRANSPORT -

MICROFILTRATION OR CROSS FLOW FILTRATION - ULTRAFILTRATION - REVERSE

OSMOSIS OR HYPERFILTRATION - NANOFILTARTION - PURIFICATION BY

CHROMATORGRAPHY - ADSORPTION CHROMATOGRAPHY - ION EXCHANGE

CHROMATOGRAPHY

UNIT - 05

Vinayaka Missions University,Directorate of Distance Education

Salem India

BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MICROBIOLOGY

1 Yr.

BASIC PRINCIPLES OF BIO-TECHNOLOGY(1030801)

GENOME ORGANIZATION AND RECOMBINATION - STRUCTURE OF NUCLEIC ACIDS -

PRIMARY STRUCTURE - SECONDARY STRUCTURE - GENOME ORGANIZATION IN

PROKARYOTES - GENE EXPRESSION - GENETIC RECOMBINATION IN BACTERIA -

TRANSFORMATION - CONJUGATION - TRANSDUCTION - SPECIALIZED TRANSDUCTION -

GENETIC RECOMBINATION IN PHAGES - GENETIC RECOMBINATION IN FUNGI - TETRAD

ANALYSIS - LIFE CYCLE OF NEUROSPORA CRASSA - RECOMBINATION AT FOUR

CHROMATID STAGE - GENES AND CANCER - ONCOGENES - RETROVIRUSES AND

ONCOGENES - CELLULAR COUNTERPART OF SRC - CARCINOGENS AND ONCOGENES.

UNIT - 06

METHODS IN GENETIC ENGINEERING - ISOLATION AND PURIFICATION OF NUCLEIC

ACIDS - DNA ISOLATION OF RNA - GEL ELECTROPHORESIS - SEPARATION OF DNA

FRAGMENTS USING AGAROSE AND POLYACRYLAMIDE GEL ELECTROPHORESIS -

SEPARATION OF LARGE DNA MOLECULES (WHOLE CHROMOSOMES) USING PFGE -

BLOTTING TECHNIQUES - SOUTHERN BLOTTING - NORTHERN BLOTTING - WESTERN

BLOTTING - SOUTH WESTERN BLOTTING - DNA SEQUENCING - MAXMA AND GILBERT

METHODS - SEQUENCING BY CHAIN TERMINATION OR DIDEOXY PROCEDURE -

AUTOMATED SEQUENCING - POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION - ADVANCEMENTS IN PCR -

AMPLIFICATION BY INVERSE PCR - RT-PCR - ANCHORED PCR - NESTED PCR -

TOUCHDOWN PCR - APPLICATION OF PCR

UNIT - 07

GENE EXPRESSION IN LOWER ORGANISMS - E.COLI VECTORS - PLASMID VECTORS -

BACTERIOPHAGE VECTORS - COSMIDS - SINGLE STRANDED PHAGE - PHAGEMIDS -

BACTERIAL ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOMES (BACS OR PBACS) - CLONING VECTORS FOR

EUKARYOTES - SHUTTLE VECTORS - CLONING IN BACILLUS SUBTILIS - PLASMID

TRANSFORMATION - TRANSFORMATION BY PLASMID RESCUE - TRANSFORMATION OF

PROTOPLASTS - PLASMID VECTORS, E. COLI - B.SUBTILIS SHUTTLE VECTORS -

IMPROVED VECTORS FOR CLONING IN B.SUBTILIS - PLASMID EXPRESSION VECTORS -

BACTERIOPHAGE VECTORS FOR USE IN B.SUBTILIS, GENETIC ENGINEERING IN YEAST

AND FILAMENTOUS FUNGI (MOULD) - FUNGAL TRANSFORMATION - DEVELOPMENT OF

VECTORS - YEAST EPISOMAL PLASMID (YEP) - YEAST REPLICATING PLASMID (YRP) -

YEAST CENTROMERE PLASMID (YCP) - YEAST ARTIFICIAL CHROMOSOME (YAC) -

CLONING IN YEAST CELLS - SPECIAL METHODOLOGIES - YEAST TWO-HYBRID SYSTEM -

YEAST ONE-HYBRID SYSTEM - CLONING IN FILAMENTOUS FUNGI (MOULD).

UNIT - 08

ANIMAL CELL CULTURE - HISTORY - SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF ANIMAL CELL

GROWTH IN CULTURE - MEDIA AND GROWTH - EQUIREMENTS - PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

- MEDIUM REQUIREMENTS - MEASUREMENT FOR GROWTH AND VIABILITY -

SUBSTRATES FOR CELL GROWTH - FEEDER LAYER - CULTURE MEDIA - NATURAL MEDIA

- SYNTHETIC MEDIUM - ADVANTAGES OF SERUM CONTAINING MEDIUM -

DISADVANTAGES, ESTABLISHMENT OF PRIMARY CELL CULTURE AND CELL LINES - CELL

DISAGGREGATION - MECHANICAL DISAGGREGATION - ENZYMATIC DISAGGREGATION -

DISAGGREGATION BY TRYPSIN - DISAGGREGATION BY COLLAGENASE, MEASUREMENT

OF VIABILITY, PRIMARY CELL CULTURE, CELL LINES, TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUES -

SLIDE OR COVERSLIP CULTURES - FLASK CULTURES - TEST TUBE CULTURES, CELL

SYNCHRONIZATION - TREATMENTS TO ACHIEVE SYNCHRONIZATION - TYPES OF

SYNCHRONIZATION, ORGAN CULTURE - CULTURE OF EMBRYONIC ORGANS - CULTURE

OF ADULT ORGANS, PRESERVATION AND STORAGE OF ANIMAL CELL CULTURE, LARGESCALE

CELL CULTURES AS A SOURCE OF VALUABLE PRODUCTS - VACCINES -

INTERFERONS - RECOMBINANT PROTEINS

UNIT - 09

ANIMAL BIOTECHNOLOGY - CYTOTOXIC ASSAYS - SELECTION OF CELL LINE -

DETECTION METHODS - CELL NUMBER AND VIABILITY - PLASMA MEMBRANE LEAKAGE

ASSAY METHODS - ASSAY OF CYTOPLASMIC ENZYMES - ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS

- CELL-CELL INTERACTION - TYPES OF CELL SIGNALING - AUTOCRINE SIGNALING -

PARACRINE SIGNALING - ENDOCRINE SIGNALING - DIRECT SIGNALING - TYPES OF CELLCELL

INTERACTIONS - TIGHT JUNCTIONS - GAP JUNCTIONS - CELL ADHESION PROTEINS

- TYPES OF SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION PATHWAYS - TISSUE -TYPING -

HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPOUNDS - TECHNIQUES OF TISSUE TYPING - ORGAN

TRANSPLANTS - MINOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY ANTIGENS - GRAFT-VERSES-HOST

DISEASE - IMMUNOSUPPRESSION - SIDE EFFECTS OF IMMUNOSUPPRESSION - TISSUE

ENGINEERING - GOALS OF TISSUE ENGINEERING - ARTIFICIAL SKIN - ARTIFICIAL

CARTILAGE

UNIT - 10

NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS - MACRONUTRIENTS - CARBON/ENERGY SOURCE -

VITAMINS - UNDEFINED SUPPLEMENTS - AMINO ACIDS - PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS -

GELLING AGENTS - DERIVATIONS OF PTC FORMULATION - PLANT MICROPROPAGATION -

SHOOT TIP CULTURE - PRIMARY EXPLANTS - SECONDARY EXPLANTS - STAGES OF

MICROPROPAGATION - APPLICATIONS OF SHOOT TIP CULTURE - ADVANTAGES -

TRANSFER OF PLANTLETS TO SOIL - MODIFIED NUTRIENTS MEDIA AND CULTURE

CONDITIONS - CHEMICAL ADDITIVES IN CULTURE MEDIA - CO-CULTURE WITH

MICROORGANISMS - EMBRYO CULTURE AND RESCUE - FACTORS INFLUENCING

SUCCESS OF EMBRYO CULTURE - PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS - OTHER APPLICATIONS -

ANTHER, MICROSPORE (POLLEN) AND OVULE CULTURE - APPLICATIONS -

SOMACLONAL VARIATION - MAJOR CAUSES OF SOMACLONAL VARIATION -

SOMACLONAL BREEDING PROCEDURES - CROP IMPROVEMENT THROUGH

SOMACLONAL VARIATIONS - SOMATIC EMBRYOGENSIS - STEPS INVOLVED IN SOMATIC

EMBRYOGENESIS - ADVANTAGES OF SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS - ARTIFICIAL SEEDS.

UNIT - 11

PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY - PROTOPLAST ISOLATION - CULTURE AND REGENERATION -

PROTO[LAST ISOLATION - MECHANICAL METHOD - ENZYMATIC METHOD - ADVANTAGES

OF ENZYMATIC ISOLATION - VIABILITY AND PLATING DENSITY OF PROTOPLASTS -

OBSERVATION OF METABOLIC CHANGES - PROTOPLAST CULTURE AND REGENERATION

OF PLANTS - PROTOPLAST FUSION - TYPES OF PROTOPLAST FUSION - SPONTANEOUS

FUSION - INDUCED FUSION - MECHANICAL FUSION - POLY ETHYLENE GLYCOL (PEG) -

ELECTROFUSION - ADDITION OF CALCIUM IONS AT HIGH PH - TREATMENT WITH NANO3

- IDENTIFICATION OF DESIRED FUSIONS - CYBRIDS - METHODS TO INACTIVATE

NUCLEUS OF ONE PARENT PLANT - USES OF PROTOPLAST FUSION - LIMITATIONS -

CRYOPRESERVATION - CRYOPRESERVATION OF PLANT STOCK CELLS - STEPS OF

CRYOPRESERVATION - GERMPLASM BANK OR PLANT CELL BANK - POLLEN BANK -

GREENHOUSE TECHNOLOGY - TYPES OF GREEN HOUSE - SITE SELECTION - DRAINAGE

- THERMOSTAT - VENTILATION AND COOLING - HORIZONTAL AIRFLOW - IRRIGATION

UNIT - 12

NANOTECHNOLOGY - DIVISIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY - TOOLS - MATERIALS -

DEVICES - NANOTECHNOLOGIES - CARBON NANOTUBES - USES OF NANOTUBES -

NANOPARTICLES - QUANTUM DOTS - MICROSCOPY - MANUFACTURING METHODS - TOPDOWN

APPROACH - BOTTOM-UP APPROACH - SELF-ASSEMBLY - NANOFLUIDICS -

SURFACTANTS - NANOEMULSIONS - TECHNOLOGY - COLLOIDS - POLYMERS -

CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS - BLOCK COPOLYMERS - FABRICATION TECHNOLOGY -

APPLICATION TECHNOLOGY - MOLECULAR ELECTRONICS - SENSORS - AEROSPACE -

NANOMEDICINE - ENVIRONMENT AND SANITATION