FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER Contents 1 An overview of heat transfer Introduction Heat transfer Modes of heat transfer Combined modes of heat transfer Dimensions and units Solved problems Exercise problems 2 Steady state conduction Conduction The ceteral model for condition (one dimensional) Conduction other shapes One dimensional steady state heat conduction with variable heat Critical thickness of insulation Mean area concept Parallel flow Solved problems Objective questions Exercise problems 3 Conduction with heat generation Introduction Steady state one dimensional conduction in a slab with uniform heat Generation Steady state radial heat conduction in cylinder with uniform heat generation Radial conduction in sphere with uniform heat generation Conclusion Solved problems Objective questions Exercise problems 4 Heat transfer with extended surfaces (FINS) Introduction Fin model Temperature calculation Heat flow calculation Fin performance Circumferential fins and plate fins of varying sections Optimisation Fin with radiation surroundings Contact resistance Numerical method Solved problems Objective questions Exercise problems 5 Two dimensional steady heat conduction Introduction Solution to differential equation Graphical method Numerical method Electrical analogy In the finite difference formulation Solved problems Exercise problems 6 Transient heat conduction Introduction A wall exposed to the sun Lumped parameter model Semi infinite solid Periodic heat conduction Transient heat conduction in large slab of limited thickness,long cylinders And spheres Product solution Numerical method Graphical method Solved problems Objective questions Exercise problems 7 Convection Introduction Mechanism of convection The concept of velocity boundary layer Thermal boundary layer Laminar and turbulent flow Forced and free convection Methods used in convection studies Energy equation Integral method Dimensional analysis Analogical methods Correction of experimental results Solved problems Objective questions Exercise problems 8 Convective heat transfer-practical correlations Flow over surfaces Introduction Flow over flat plates Turbulent flow Flow across cylinders Flow across spheres Flow over bluff bodies Flow across bank of tubes Solved problems Exercise problems 9 Forced convection Internal flow Hydrodynamic boundary layer development Thermal boundary layer Laminar flow Turbulent flow Liquid metal flow Flow through non-circular sections The variation of temperature along the flow direction Solved problems Objective questions Exercise problems 10 Natural convection Introduction Basic nature of flow under natural convection conditions Methods of analysis Integral method Correlations from experimental results A more recent set of correlations Constant heat flux condition-vertical surfaces Free convection from inclined surfaces Horizontal cylinders Other geometric Simplified expressions for air Free convection in enclosed spaces Rotating cylinders, disks and spheres Combined forced and free convection Solved problems Objective questions Exercise problems 11 Phase change processes-boiling, condensation Freezing and melting Introduction Boiling or evaporation The correlations Flow boiling Condensation Freezing and melting Solved problems Objectives questions Exercise problems 12 Heat exchangers Introduction Over all heat transfer coefficient Classification of heat exchangers Mean temperature difference-log mean temperature differences Regenerative type Determination of area in other arrangements Heat exchanger performance Storage type heat exchangers Compact heat exchangers Solved problems Objective questions Exercise problems 13 Thermal radiations Introduction Black body Intensity of radiation Real surfaces Radiation properties of gases-absorbing, transmitting and emitting medium Heat exchange by radiation Radiant heat exchange exchanges between black surfaces Heat exchange by radiation between gray surfaces Effect of radiation on measurement of temperature by a bare thermometer Multisurface enclosure Surface separated by an absorbing and transmitting medium Solved problems Objective questions Exercise problems 14 Mass transfers Introduction Properties of mixture Diffusion mass transfer Fick’s law of diffusion Equimolal counter diffusion Stationary media with specified surface concentration Diffusion of one component into a stationary component or Unidirectional diffusion Unsteady diffusion Convective mass transfer Similarity between heat and mass transfer Solved problems Exercise problems Fill in the blanks
FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
Contents
1 An overview of heat transfer
Introduction
Heat transfer
Modes of heat transfer
Combined modes of heat transfer
Dimensions and units
Solved problems
Exercise problems
2 Steady state conduction
Conduction
The ceteral model for condition (one dimensional)
Conduction other shapes
One dimensional steady state heat conduction with variable heat
Critical thickness of insulation
Mean area concept
Parallel flow
Objective questions
3 Conduction with heat generation
Steady state one dimensional conduction in a slab with uniform heat
Generation
Steady state radial heat conduction in cylinder with uniform heat generation
Radial conduction in sphere with uniform heat generation
Conclusion
4 Heat transfer with extended surfaces (FINS)
Fin model
Temperature calculation
Heat flow calculation
Fin performance
Circumferential fins and plate fins of varying sections
Optimisation
Fin with radiation surroundings
Contact resistance
Numerical method
5 Two dimensional steady heat conduction
Solution to differential equation
Graphical method
Electrical analogy
In the finite difference formulation
6 Transient heat conduction
A wall exposed to the sun
Lumped parameter model
Semi infinite solid
Periodic heat conduction
Transient heat conduction in large slab of limited thickness,long cylinders
And spheres
Product solution
7 Convection
Mechanism of convection
The concept of velocity boundary layer
Thermal boundary layer
Laminar and turbulent flow
Forced and free convection
Methods used in convection studies
Energy equation
Integral method
Dimensional analysis
Analogical methods
Correction of experimental results
8 Convective heat transfer-practical correlations
Flow over surfaces
Flow over flat plates
Turbulent flow
Flow across cylinders
Flow across spheres
Flow over bluff bodies
Flow across bank of tubes
9 Forced convection
Internal flow
Hydrodynamic boundary layer development
Laminar flow
Liquid metal flow
Flow through non-circular sections
The variation of temperature along the flow direction
10 Natural convection
Basic nature of flow under natural convection conditions
Methods of analysis
Correlations from experimental results
A more recent set of correlations
Constant heat flux condition-vertical surfaces
Free convection from inclined surfaces
Horizontal cylinders
Other geometric
Simplified expressions for air
Free convection in enclosed spaces
Rotating cylinders, disks and spheres
Combined forced and free convection
11 Phase change processes-boiling, condensation
Freezing and melting
Boiling or evaporation
The correlations
Flow boiling
Condensation
Objectives questions
12 Heat exchangers
Over all heat transfer coefficient
Classification of heat exchangers
Mean temperature difference-log mean temperature differences
Regenerative type
Determination of area in other arrangements
Heat exchanger performance
Storage type heat exchangers
Compact heat exchangers
13 Thermal radiations
Black body
Intensity of radiation
Real surfaces
Radiation properties of gases-absorbing, transmitting and emitting medium
Heat exchange by radiation
Radiant heat exchange exchanges between black surfaces
Heat exchange by radiation between gray surfaces
Effect of radiation on measurement of temperature by a bare thermometer
Multisurface enclosure
Surface separated by an absorbing and transmitting medium
14 Mass transfers
Properties of mixture
Diffusion mass transfer
Fick’s law of diffusion
Equimolal counter diffusion
Stationary media with specified surface concentration
Diffusion of one component into a stationary component or
Unidirectional diffusion
Unsteady diffusion
Convective mass transfer
Similarity between heat and mass transfer
Fill in the blanks
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