ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION Contents 1 Introduction to communications systems Communications Communications systems Information Transmitter Channel-noise Receiver Modulation Description Need for modulation Bandwidth requirements Sine wave and fourier series review Frequency spectra of nonsinusoidal waves 2Noise External noise Atmospheric noise Extraterrestrial noise Industrial noise Internal noise Thermal agitation noise Shot noise Transit-time noise Miscellaneous noise Noise calculations Addition of noise due to several sources Addition of noise due to several amplifiers in cascade Noise in reactive circuits Noise figure Signal-to-noise ratio Definition of noise figure Calculation of noise figure Noise figure from equivalent noise resistance Noise figure from measurement Noise temperature 3 Amplitude modulation Amplitude modulation theory Frequency spectrum of the AM wave Representation of AM Power relations in the AM wave Generation of AM Basic requirements-Comparison of levels Grid-modulated class C amplifier Plate-modulated class C amplifier Modulated transistor amplifiers Summary 4 Single-sideband techniques Evolution and description of SSB Suppression of carrier Effect of nonlinear resistance on added signals The balanced modulator Suppression of unwanted sideband The filter system The phase-shift method The ‘’third’’ method System evaluation and comparison Extensions of SSB Forms of amplitude modulation Carrier reinsertion –pilot-carrier systems Independent-sideband systems Vestigial-sideband transmission Summary 5 Frequency modulation Theory of frequency and phase modulation Description of systems Mathematical representation of FM Frequency spectrum of the FM wave Phase modulation Intersystem comparisons Noise and frequency modulation Effects of noise on carrier-noise triangle Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis Other forms of interference Comparison of wideband and narrowband FM Stereophonic FM multiplex system Generation of frequency modulation FM methods Direct methods Stabilized reactance modulator-AFC Indirect method Summary 6 Radio receivers Receiver types Tuned radio-frequency (TRF) receiver Super heterodyne receiver AM receivers RF section and characteristics Frequency changing and tracking Intermediate frequencies and IF amplifier Detection and automatic gain control Communications receivers Extensions of the super heterodyne principle Additional circuits Additional systems FM recovers Common circuits-comparison with AM receivers Amplitude limiting Basic FM demodulators Radio detector FM demodulator comparison Stereo FM multiplex reception Single-AND independent-sideband receivers Demodulation of SSB Receiver types 7 Transmission lines Basic principles Fundamentals of transmission lines Characteristics impedance Losses in transmission lines Standing waves Quarter –and half-wavelength lines Reactance properties of transmission lines The smith chart and its applications Fundamentals of the smith chart Problem solution Transmission –line components The double stub Directional couplers Baluns The slotted line 8 Radiation and propagation of waves Electromagnetic radiation Fundamentals of electromagnetic waves Effects of the environment Propagation of waves Ground waves Sky-wave propagation –the ionosphere Space waves Tropospheric scatter propagation Extraterrestrial communications 9 Antennas Basic considerations Electromagnetic radiation The elementary doublet Wire radiators in space Current and voltage distributions Resonant antennas, radiation patterns, and length calculations Noresonant antennas Terms and definitions Antenna gain and effective radiated power Radiation measurement and field intensity Antenna resistance Bandwidth ,beamwidth ,and polarization Effects of ground on antennas Ungrounded antennas Grounded antennas Effects of antenna height Antenna coupling at medium frequencies General considerations Selection of feed point Antenna couplers Impedance matching with stubs and other devices Directional high-frequency antennas Dipole arrays Folded dipole and applications Nonresonant antennas-the rhombic UHF and microwave antennas Antennas with parabolic reflectors Horn antennas Wideband and special-purpose antennas Folded dipole and applications Nonresonant antennas-the rhombic UHF and microwave antennas Antennas with parabolic reflectors Horn antennas Wideband and special-purpose antennas Folded dipole Helical antenna Log-periodic antennas Loop antennas Phased arrays Summary 10 Waveguides, resonators and components Rectangular waveguides Introduction Reflection of waves from a conducting plane The parallel-plane waveguide Rectangular waveguides Circular and other waveguides Circular waveguides Other waveguides Waveguide coupling, matching and attenuation Methods of exciting waveguides Waveguide couplings Basic accessories Multiple junctions Impedance matching and tuning Cavity resonators Fundamentals Practical considerations Auxiliary components Directional couplers Isolators and circulators Mixers, detectors and detector mounts Switches 11 Microwave tube and circuits Microwave triodes Frequency limitations of gridded tubes UHF triodes and circuits Multicavity klystron Operation Practical considerations Reflex klystron Fundamentals Practical considerations Types ,performance and applications Traveling-wave tube TWT fundamentals Practical considerations Types, performance and applications Other microwave tubes Crossed-field amplifier Backward-wave oscillator Miscellaneous tubes 12 Semiconductor microwave devices and circuits Passive microwave circuits Strip line and micro strip circuits SAW devices Transistors and integrated circuits High-frequency limitations Microwave transistors and integrated circuits Microwave integrated circuits Performance and applications of microwave transistors And Varactor and step-recovery diodes and multipliers Varactor diodes Step-recovery diodes Frequency multipliers Ametric amplifiers Basic principles Amplifier circuits Tunnel diodes and negative-resistance amplifiers Principles of tunnel diodes Negative-resistance amplifiers Tunnel-diode applications Gunn effect and diodes Gunn Effect Gunn diodes and applications Avalanche effects and diodes Impact diodes Trapatt diodes Performance and applications of avalanche diodes Other microwave diodes Pin diodes Schottky-barrier diode Backward diodes Stimulated-emission and associated devices Fundamentals of masers Practical masers and their applications Fundamentals of lasers CW lasers and their communications applications Other optoelectronic devices 13 Pulse communications Information theory Information in a communications system Coding Noise in an information-carrying channel Pulse modulatic Introduction-types Pulse-width modulation Pulse-code modulation Pulse systems Telegraphy Telemetry 14 Digital communications Digital technology Digital fundamentals The binary number system Digital electronics Fundamentals of data communications systems Characteristics of data transmission circuits Digital codes Error detection and correction Data sets and interconnection requirements Modern classification Modern interfacing Interconnection of data circuits to telephone loops Network and control considerations Network organizations Switching systems Network protocols Summary 15 Broadband communications systems Multiplexing Frequency-division multiplex Time-division multiplex Short-and medium-haul systems Coaxial cable Fiber optic links Microwave links Tropospheric scatter links Long-haul systems Submarine cables Satellite communications Elements of long-distance telephony Routing codes and signaling systems Telephone exchanges and routing Miscellaneous practical aspects Introduction to traffic engineering 16 Radar systems Basic principles Fundamentals Radar performance factors Pulsed systems Basic pulsed radar system Antennas and scanning Display methods Pulsed radar systems Moving-target indication Radar beacons Other radar systems CW Doppler radar Frequency-modulated CW radar Phased array radars Planar array radars 17 Television fundamentals Requirements and standards Introduction to television Television systems and standards Black-and-white transmission Fundamentals Beam scanning Blanking and synchronizing pulses Black-and-white reception Fundamentals Common, video and sound circuits Synchronizing circuits Vertical deflection circuits Horizontal deflection circuits Color transmission and reception Introduction Color transmission Color reception 18 Interdiction to fiber optic technology History of fiber optics Why fiber optics ? Introduction to light Reflection and refraction Dispersion, diffraction ,absorption ,and scattering The optical fiber and fiber cables Fiber characteristics and classification fiber losses Fiber losses Fiber optic components and systems The source Noise Response time The optical link Light wave The system Installation, testing, and repair Splices Fiber optic testing Power budgeting Passive components Receivers Summary
ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATION
Contents
1 Introduction to communications systems
Communications
Communications systems
Information
Transmitter
Channel-noise
Receiver
Modulation
Description
Need for modulation
Bandwidth requirements
Sine wave and fourier series review
Frequency spectra of nonsinusoidal waves
2Noise
External noise
Atmospheric noise
Extraterrestrial noise
Industrial noise
Internal noise
Thermal agitation noise
Shot noise
Transit-time noise
Miscellaneous noise
Noise calculations
Addition of noise due to several sources
Addition of noise due to several amplifiers in cascade
Noise in reactive circuits
Noise figure
Signal-to-noise ratio
Definition of noise figure
Calculation of noise figure
Noise figure from equivalent noise resistance
Noise figure from measurement
Noise temperature
3 Amplitude modulation
Amplitude modulation theory
Frequency spectrum of the AM wave
Representation of AM
Power relations in the AM wave
Generation of AM
Basic requirements-Comparison of levels
Grid-modulated class C amplifier
Plate-modulated class C amplifier
Modulated transistor amplifiers
Summary
4 Single-sideband techniques
Evolution and description of SSB
Suppression of carrier
Effect of nonlinear resistance on added signals
The balanced modulator
Suppression of unwanted sideband
The filter system
The phase-shift method
The ‘’third’’ method
System evaluation and comparison
Extensions of SSB
Forms of amplitude modulation
Carrier reinsertion –pilot-carrier systems
Independent-sideband systems
Vestigial-sideband transmission
5 Frequency modulation
Theory of frequency and phase modulation
Description of systems
Mathematical representation of FM
Frequency spectrum of the FM wave
Phase modulation
Intersystem comparisons
Noise and frequency modulation
Effects of noise on carrier-noise triangle
Pre-emphasis and de-emphasis
Other forms of interference
Comparison of wideband and narrowband FM
Stereophonic FM multiplex system
Generation of frequency modulation
FM methods
Direct methods
Stabilized reactance modulator-AFC
Indirect method
6 Radio receivers
Receiver types
Tuned radio-frequency (TRF) receiver
Super heterodyne receiver
AM receivers
RF section and characteristics
Frequency changing and tracking
Intermediate frequencies and IF amplifier
Detection and automatic gain control
Communications receivers
Extensions of the super heterodyne principle
Additional circuits
Additional systems
FM recovers
Common circuits-comparison with AM receivers
Amplitude limiting
Basic FM demodulators
Radio detector
FM demodulator comparison
Stereo FM multiplex reception
Single-AND independent-sideband receivers
Demodulation of SSB
7 Transmission lines
Basic principles
Fundamentals of transmission lines
Characteristics impedance
Losses in transmission lines
Standing waves
Quarter –and half-wavelength lines
Reactance properties of transmission lines
The smith chart and its applications
Fundamentals of the smith chart
Problem solution
Transmission –line components
The double stub
Directional couplers
Baluns
The slotted line
8 Radiation and propagation of waves
Electromagnetic radiation
Fundamentals of electromagnetic waves
Effects of the environment
Propagation of waves
Ground waves
Sky-wave propagation –the ionosphere
Space waves
Tropospheric scatter propagation
Extraterrestrial communications
9 Antennas
Basic considerations
The elementary doublet
Wire radiators in space
Current and voltage distributions
Resonant antennas, radiation patterns, and length calculations
Noresonant antennas
Terms and definitions
Antenna gain and effective radiated power
Radiation measurement and field intensity
Antenna resistance
Bandwidth ,beamwidth ,and polarization
Effects of ground on antennas
Ungrounded antennas
Grounded antennas
Effects of antenna height
Antenna coupling at medium frequencies
General considerations
Selection of feed point
Antenna couplers
Impedance matching with stubs and other devices
Directional high-frequency antennas
Dipole arrays
Folded dipole and applications
Nonresonant antennas-the rhombic
UHF and microwave antennas
Antennas with parabolic reflectors
Horn antennas
Wideband and special-purpose antennas
Folded dipole
Helical antenna
Log-periodic antennas
Loop antennas
Phased arrays
10 Waveguides, resonators and components
Rectangular waveguides
Introduction
Reflection of waves from a conducting plane
The parallel-plane waveguide
Circular and other waveguides
Circular waveguides
Other waveguides
Waveguide coupling, matching and attenuation
Methods of exciting waveguides
Waveguide couplings
Basic accessories
Multiple junctions
Impedance matching and tuning
Cavity resonators
Fundamentals
Practical considerations
Auxiliary components
Isolators and circulators
Mixers, detectors and detector mounts
Switches
11 Microwave tube and circuits
Microwave triodes
Frequency limitations of gridded tubes
UHF triodes and circuits
Multicavity klystron
Operation
Reflex klystron
Types ,performance and applications
Traveling-wave tube
TWT fundamentals
Types, performance and applications
Other microwave tubes
Crossed-field amplifier
Backward-wave oscillator
Miscellaneous tubes
12 Semiconductor microwave devices and circuits
Passive microwave circuits
Strip line and micro strip circuits
SAW devices
Transistors and integrated circuits
High-frequency limitations
Microwave transistors and integrated circuits
Microwave integrated circuits
Performance and applications of microwave transistors
And
Varactor and step-recovery diodes and multipliers
Varactor diodes
Step-recovery diodes
Frequency multipliers
Ametric amplifiers
Amplifier circuits
Tunnel diodes and negative-resistance amplifiers
Principles of tunnel diodes
Negative-resistance amplifiers
Tunnel-diode applications
Gunn effect and diodes
Gunn Effect
Gunn diodes and applications
Avalanche effects and diodes
Impact diodes
Trapatt diodes
Performance and applications of avalanche diodes
Other microwave diodes
Pin diodes
Schottky-barrier diode
Backward diodes
Stimulated-emission and associated devices
Fundamentals of masers
Practical masers and their applications
Fundamentals of lasers
CW lasers and their communications applications
Other optoelectronic devices
13 Pulse communications
Information theory
Information in a communications system
Coding
Noise in an information-carrying channel
Pulse modulatic
Introduction-types
Pulse-width modulation
Pulse-code modulation
Pulse systems
Telegraphy
Telemetry
14 Digital communications
Digital technology
Digital fundamentals
The binary number system
Digital electronics
Fundamentals of data communications systems
Characteristics of data transmission circuits
Digital codes
Error detection and correction
Data sets and interconnection requirements
Modern classification
Modern interfacing
Interconnection of data circuits to telephone loops
Network and control considerations
Network organizations
Switching systems
Network protocols
15 Broadband communications systems
Multiplexing
Frequency-division multiplex
Time-division multiplex
Short-and medium-haul systems
Coaxial cable
Fiber optic links
Microwave links
Tropospheric scatter links
Long-haul systems
Submarine cables
Satellite communications
Elements of long-distance telephony
Routing codes and signaling systems
Telephone exchanges and routing
Miscellaneous practical aspects
Introduction to traffic engineering
16 Radar systems
Radar performance factors
Pulsed systems
Basic pulsed radar system
Antennas and scanning
Display methods
Pulsed radar systems
Moving-target indication
Radar beacons
Other radar systems
CW Doppler radar
Frequency-modulated CW radar
Phased array radars
Planar array radars
17 Television fundamentals
Requirements and standards
Introduction to television
Television systems and standards
Black-and-white transmission
Beam scanning
Blanking and synchronizing pulses
Black-and-white reception
Common, video and sound circuits
Synchronizing circuits
Vertical deflection circuits
Horizontal deflection circuits
Color transmission and reception
Color transmission
Color reception
18 Interdiction to fiber optic technology
History of fiber optics
Why fiber optics ?
Introduction to light
Reflection and refraction
Dispersion, diffraction ,absorption ,and scattering
The optical fiber and fiber cables
Fiber characteristics and classification fiber losses
Fiber losses
Fiber optic components and systems
The source
Noise
Response time
The optical link
Light wave
The system
Installation, testing, and repair
Splices
Fiber optic testing
Power budgeting
Passive components
Receivers
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