FABRIC STRUCTURE AND ANALYSIS Preface Acknowledgements Conversion tables Section 1: loads and material properties of Spatial structures 1 Loads on spatial structures An introduction to loads Dead loading Imposed loading Dynamic loads for dancing and jumping Statistical data on loads on constructed facilities Wind loading Wind loading formation on spatial structures Standards wind speeds Internal pressure coefficient Enclosed buildings Additional loading criteria Snow loading on spatial structures Snow loads Snow sliding down roofs Earthquake or seismic loads on spatial structures The world’s earthquake countries The intensity scales 2 Material properties of spatial structures Material properties of concrete Characteristics of concrete Characteristics of concrete Characteristics strain and other properties of reinforcing bars Comparative study of American, British and EC practices Reinforcement, grades and strength Welded wire fabric Minimum reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature Shear reinforcement Anchorage of web reinforcement Prestressing steel British practice American practice Material properties of structural steels British practice American practice Material properties of aluminum structures British practice American practice Timber/wood material properties British practice American practice European practice Material properties of aluminum structures British practice American practice Timber/wood material properties British practice American practice European practice Mechanical properties of glass Type of glass Processed glasses Material properties of plastics, fibres and fabrics Plastics Fibres and fabrics General properties of plastics and fabrics References and bibliography Section II: tall building frames, shear walls and lattice/ grid roof structures 3 Spatial building frames under seismic effects Introduction Tall buildings under seismic effects Nature, causes and effects of earthquakes Dynamic effects of earthquakes on rigid-framed Structures Dynamic effects of earthquakes on rigid-framed Structures Dynamic effects of earthquakes on flexibly framed Structures Dynamic response of multi-degree-of freedom system Codified methods for seismic design Finite element analysis of a 55-storey building 4. Shear walls: analysis and design Methods of analysis Classical method Coupled shear walls: dhillion’s method Analysis: slope-deflection method Pierced shear walls: magnus method Analysis of walls with rigid foundations Analysis of walls with non-rigid foundations Summary of design procedure Rigid foundations Non-rigid foundations without wind action Non-rigid foundations with wind action Flexibility method Generalized flexibility equations Example on the flexibility method of frames Analysis of interconnected shear walls Stiffness method Method of analysis Mathematical model Finite element method A comparative study of results 5 Lattice stressed skin and space grid systems for roof structures Classification of spatial structures Single-layered grid system Stressed skin system Spatial network for tube/member structures Difference equation system of spatial grids Equilibrium equation of grids using a direct connecting system Comparison of continuum and finite element methods References and bibliography Section III shell-shaped spatial structures 6 Shell –shaped spatial structures Characteristics of shell-shaped structures Functioning Shape and curvature Boundary and edge conditions Generalized analysis of thin shell surfaces Assumptions made in the theory of elastic thin shells Assumptions of the membrane theory for shells The equations of equilibrium of the element of shell of Revolution Shells of revolution: ax symmetric loading Cylindrical shell surfaces Types of cylindrical shell surfaces Short and long cylindrical shell surfaces Membrane solution of domical surfaces Equations of equilibrium of the element of a shell of revolution Computer program: NAZAM listings Conoidal dome’s surfaces Computer program: conoidal domes Elliptical dome-shaped surfaces Toro spherical shell surfaces Computer program: analysis of thin shells Hyperbolic paraboloid-shaped structures Surface definition Geometry Skewed hyperbolic paraboloid Groined vault Elliptical paraboloid shells Cooling tower and cable net tower shell shapes Computer program: dynamic wind pressure on cooling Tower Cooling tower supporting structures Catenary type space structures Equation of the catenary Radius of curvature Cycloidal shaped elements of spatial structures Equation of cycloid: shape of the spatial strctures Equation of cycloid: shape of the spatial structural Element Radius of curvature Surface area and volume of cycloid of revolution Folded plates Some common shapes Definitions Basic assumptions Method of analysis Case study Single plate under the action of transverse moment Plate system under the action of line loads along the Fold lines Analysis Behavior of single plates and plates joined along fold Lines under various systems of actions References and bibliography Section IV: cable suspended, glass and fabric, net And tensegritic structures 7 .Tension structures General introduction Cable-suspended structures Pneumatic structures Historical review of pneumatic structures Air-supported structures Air-inflated structures Tensegritic structures Application of tensegritic nets Analysis of tensegritic structures Net and tent structures Films, fabrics and coated fabrics Calculations Development of stiffness matrix for plane frame members Assembly of the stiffness matrix for a structure Stiffness matrices for a straight uniform member in a space Suspended trussed frames supporting the area roof Calculations for a three-member network under load Load and displacements in a pin-jointed supporting frame Classification of connectors The mero system The triode tic system Oktaplatte and okta-S systems The nodus system Finite element analysis of dynamic response of Wrinkling fabric structures Stress-strain in wrinkling Dynamic finite element analysis of wrinkling fabrics Membrane Fabric structure: a case study Glazing materials and specifications in spatial structures Safety of glazing Characteristics of fractures Glass in risk areas Properties of PVB interlayer used in laminated glass Properties of sifcon layer Glass plies constitutive relations Blast design for glazing Blast loadings on glass Explosives and bombs Loading model Finite element analysis of glass-covered spatial structures Analysis of results Glass under explosion Failure of a laminated glass as a strain rate material Subjected to impact and explosion Conclusion References and bibliography Section V: Methods of analysis for supporting structures 8. Methods of analysis Flexibility method of analysis Generalized method of analysis using a flexibility method Flexibility of parabolic arches pinned at supports Parabolic arches supported at different levels Arches with fixed ends Supports at different levels Temperature and shrinkage in fixed arches: supports at Different levels Stiffness or displacement method: beams in spatial structures Step-by-step procedure Spatial structures Trusses: dtiffness method Method of tension coefficients Space frames Pin-connected schwedler dome using tension coefficients The schwedler dome Extension of the tension coefficient to domes General formulae for supporting frames Finite element analysis of the supporting systems References and bibliography
FABRIC STRUCTURE AND ANALYSIS
Preface
Acknowledgements
Conversion tables
Section 1: loads and material properties of
Spatial structures
1 Loads on spatial structures
An introduction to loads
Dead loading
Imposed loading
Dynamic loads for dancing and jumping
Statistical data on loads on constructed facilities
Wind loading
Wind loading formation on spatial structures
Standards wind speeds
Internal pressure coefficient
Enclosed buildings
Additional loading criteria
Snow loading on spatial structures
Snow loads
Snow sliding down roofs
Earthquake or seismic loads on spatial structures
The world’s earthquake countries
The intensity scales
2 Material properties of spatial structures
Material properties of concrete
Characteristics of concrete
Characteristics strain and other properties of reinforcing bars
Comparative study of American, British and EC practices
Reinforcement, grades and strength
Welded wire fabric
Minimum reinforcement for shrinkage and temperature
Shear reinforcement
Anchorage of web reinforcement
Prestressing steel
British practice
American practice
Material properties of structural steels
Material properties of aluminum structures
Timber/wood material properties
European practice
Mechanical properties of glass
Type of glass
Processed glasses
Material properties of plastics, fibres and fabrics
Plastics
Fibres and fabrics
General properties of plastics and fabrics
References and bibliography
Section II: tall building frames, shear walls and lattice/ grid roof structures
3 Spatial building frames under seismic effects
Introduction
Tall buildings under seismic effects
Nature, causes and effects of earthquakes
Dynamic effects of earthquakes on rigid-framed
Structures
Dynamic effects of earthquakes on flexibly framed
Dynamic response of multi-degree-of freedom system
Codified methods for seismic design
Finite element analysis of a 55-storey building
4. Shear walls: analysis and design
Methods of analysis
Classical method
Coupled shear walls: dhillion’s method
Analysis: slope-deflection method
Pierced shear walls: magnus method
Analysis of walls with rigid foundations
Analysis of walls with non-rigid foundations
Summary of design procedure
Rigid foundations
Non-rigid foundations without wind action
Non-rigid foundations with wind action
Flexibility method
Generalized flexibility equations
Example on the flexibility method of frames
Analysis of interconnected shear walls
Stiffness method
Method of analysis
Mathematical model
Finite element method
A comparative study of results
5 Lattice stressed skin and space grid systems for roof structures
Classification of spatial structures
Single-layered grid system
Stressed skin system
Spatial network for tube/member structures
Difference equation system of spatial grids
Equilibrium equation of grids using a direct connecting system
Comparison of continuum and finite element methods
Section III shell-shaped spatial structures
6 Shell –shaped spatial structures
Characteristics of shell-shaped structures
Functioning
Shape and curvature
Boundary and edge conditions
Generalized analysis of thin shell surfaces
Assumptions made in the theory of elastic thin shells
Assumptions of the membrane theory for shells
The equations of equilibrium of the element of shell of
Revolution
Shells of revolution: ax symmetric loading
Cylindrical shell surfaces
Types of cylindrical shell surfaces
Short and long cylindrical shell surfaces
Membrane solution of domical surfaces
Equations of equilibrium of the element of a shell of revolution
Computer program: NAZAM listings
Conoidal dome’s surfaces
Computer program: conoidal domes
Elliptical dome-shaped surfaces
Toro spherical shell surfaces
Computer program: analysis of thin shells
Hyperbolic paraboloid-shaped structures
Surface definition
Geometry
Skewed hyperbolic paraboloid
Groined vault
Elliptical paraboloid shells
Cooling tower and cable net tower shell shapes
Computer program: dynamic wind pressure on cooling
Tower
Cooling tower supporting structures
Catenary type space structures
Equation of the catenary
Radius of curvature
Cycloidal shaped elements of spatial structures
Equation of cycloid: shape of the spatial strctures
Equation of cycloid: shape of the spatial structural
Element
Surface area and volume of cycloid of revolution
Folded plates
Some common shapes
Definitions
Basic assumptions
Case study
Single plate under the action of transverse moment
Plate system under the action of line loads along the
Fold lines
Analysis
Behavior of single plates and plates joined along fold
Lines under various systems of actions
Section IV: cable suspended, glass and fabric, net
And tensegritic structures
7 .Tension structures
General introduction
Cable-suspended structures
Pneumatic structures
Historical review of pneumatic structures
Air-supported structures
Air-inflated structures
Tensegritic structures
Application of tensegritic nets
Analysis of tensegritic structures
Net and tent structures
Films, fabrics and coated fabrics
Calculations
Development of stiffness matrix for plane frame members
Assembly of the stiffness matrix for a structure
Stiffness matrices for a straight uniform member in a space
Suspended trussed frames supporting the area roof
Calculations for a three-member network under load
Load and displacements in a pin-jointed supporting frame
Classification of connectors
The mero system
The triode tic system
Oktaplatte and okta-S systems
The nodus system
Finite element analysis of dynamic response of
Wrinkling fabric structures
Stress-strain in wrinkling
Dynamic finite element analysis of wrinkling fabrics
Membrane
Fabric structure: a case study
Glazing materials and specifications in spatial structures
Safety of glazing
Characteristics of fractures
Glass in risk areas
Properties of PVB interlayer used in laminated glass
Properties of sifcon layer
Glass plies constitutive relations
Blast design for glazing
Blast loadings on glass
Explosives and bombs
Loading model
Finite element analysis of glass-covered spatial structures
Analysis of results
Glass under explosion
Failure of a laminated glass as a strain rate material
Subjected to impact and explosion
Conclusion
Section V: Methods of analysis for supporting structures
8. Methods of analysis
Flexibility method of analysis
Generalized method of analysis using a flexibility method
Flexibility of parabolic arches pinned at supports
Parabolic arches supported at different levels
Arches with fixed ends
Supports at different levels
Temperature and shrinkage in fixed arches: supports at
Different levels
Stiffness or displacement method: beams in spatial structures
Step-by-step procedure
Trusses: dtiffness method
Method of tension coefficients
Space frames
Pin-connected schwedler dome using tension coefficients
The schwedler dome
Extension of the tension coefficient to domes
General formulae for supporting frames
Finite element analysis of the supporting systems
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