Chapter-1: An Introduction to Energy Sources…………………………………………………6 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Energy Consumption as a Measure of prosperity 1.3 World Energy Futures 1.4 Energy Sources and their availability 1.4.1 Introduction 1.4.2 Conventional and non conventional energy sources 1.4.3 Renewable energy technologies 1.5 Renewable Energy Sources 1.6 Prospects of renewable energy sources 1.7 Conservation of energy Exercise Chapter-2: Solar Energy………………………………………………………………………………20 2.1 Solar Radiation and its measurement 2.1.1 Introduction 2.1.2 Solar constant 2.1.3 Solar radiation at the earth’s surface 2.1.4 Solar radiation Geometry 2.1.5 Solar radiation Measurements 2.1.6 Solar radiation data 2.2 Solar Energy collectors 2.2.1. Introduction 2.2.2. Stationary Collectors 2.2.2.1 Flat-plate collectors 2.2.2.2 Compound Parabolic Collectors (CPC) 2.2.2.3 Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETC) 2.2.3. Sun Tracking Concentrating Collectors 2.2.3.1. Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTC) 2.2.3.2 Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) 2.2.3.3. Parabolic Dish Reflector (PDR) 2.2.3.4. Heliostat Field Collector (HFC) Exercise Chapter3: Solar energy storage………………………………………………………………….35 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Solar energy storage system 3.3 Solar pond 3.3.1 Introduction 3.3.2 WHAT A SOLAR POND IS WORKING PRINCIPLE 3.3.3 TYPES OF SOLAR PONDS – NONCONVECTING – CONVECTING 3.4 APPLICATIONS 3.5. ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES 3.6. CONCLUSION Exercise Chapter-4: Wind Energy……………………………………………………………………………….42 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Wind Energy Conversion Systems 4.2.1 Basic Principles of Wind Machines 4.2.2 Environmental Impacts of Wind Energy 4.2.3 Visual Impact 4.3 Wind turbine 4.4 Types of Wind Turbines 4.4.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT) - HAWT Advantages - HAWT Disadvantages 4.4.2 Vertical axis design - Advantages - Disadvantages Exercise Chaper5: Bio energy……………………………………………………………………………………50 5.1 Introduction:- 5.2 Solid Biomass 5.3 Electricity generation from biomass 5.3.1 Electricity from sugarcane bagasse in Brazil 5.4 Bioenergy conversion technologies. 5.4.1 Direct combustion processes. 5.4.2 Co-firing. 5.4.3 Thermochemical processes. 5.4.4 Pyrolysis. 5.4.5 Carbonisation. 5.4.6 Gasification. 5.4.7 Catalytic Liquefaction. 5.4.8 Biochemical processes. 5.5 Biomass As a Source of Energy Exercise Chapter6: Geothermal Energy………………………………………………………………………60 6.1 Introduction 6.2 How Geothermal Plants Work • Dry Steam Power Plants • Flash Steam Power Plants 6.3 Geothermal Energy Sources 6.4 Geothermal’s Harmful Effects 6.5 Geothermal’s Positive Attributes 6.6 Availability of Geothermal Energy 6.7 Geothermal Energy Advantages and Disadvantages 6.8 Geothermal gradient 6.8.1 Heat sources 6.8.2 Heat flow 6.8.3 Variations 6.9 Different Types of Geothermal Cooling Systems Exercise Chapter7: Energy from the oceans………………………………………………………………71 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Work principles • 7.2.1 Depending on the location • 7.2.2 Depending on the cycle used • 7.2.2.1 Closed-cycle • 7.2.2.2 Open-cycle • 7.2.2.3 Hybrid 7.3 Some proposed projects 7.4 Other related technologies • Air conditioning • Chilled-soil agriculture • Aquaculture • Desalination • Hydrogen production • Mineral extraction 7.5 Energy from temperature difference between cold air and warm water 7.6 Tidal power • Introduction • Generation of tidal energy • Categories of tidal power • Tidal vs wind • Two-basin schemes • Environmental impact • Turbidity • Tidal fences and turbines • Salinity • Sediment movements • Fish • Energy calculations • Example calculation of tidal power generation • Dynamic tidal power Exercise Chapter8: Chemical Energy sources……………………………………………………………85 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Fuel cells 8.2.1 Types of Fuel Cells • Phosphoric Acid • Proton Exchange Membrane • Molten Carbonate • Solid Oxide • Alkaline • Direct Methanol • Regenerative • Zinc Air • Protonic Ceramic • Microbial Fuel Cell 8.3 Batteries 8.3.1.Introduction of battery 8.3.2 How batteries work 8.3.3 Categories and types of batteries • Primary batteries • Secondary batteries • Battery cell types 1 Wet cell 2 Dry cell 3 Molten salt 4 Reserve 5 Battery cell performance Exercise Chapter9: Hydrogen Energy……………………………………………………………………….101 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Hydrogen Fuel Cells o How They Work o Advantages o Disadvantages 9.3 Hybrids 9.4 Hydrogen Safety 9.5 How a PEM Hydrogen Fuel Cell Works 9.6 Hydrogen Storage • Gas in Pressurized Tanks • Liquid in Cryogenic Tanks • Solid in Metal Hydrides • Sodium Borohydride 9.7 Prototypes 9.8 Hydrogen Power Advantages and Disadvantages Exercise Chapter10: Magnetohydrodynamics……………………………………………………………………………..108 10.1 Introduction o Magneto hydrodynamic power generator 10.2 Ideal and resistive MHD 10.3 Structures in MHD systems 10.4 MHD waves 10.5 Extensions to magnetohydrodynamics 10.5.1 Resistive MHD 10.5.2 Extended MHD 10.5.3 Two-Fluid MHD 10.5.4 Hall MHD 10.5.5 Collisionless MHD 10.6 Applications 10.6.1 Geophysics 10.6.2 Astrophysics 10.6 .3 Engineering Exercise Chapter11: Thermionic and Thermoelectric Power Generation………………………113 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Thermionics overview 11.3 Thermionic Valves 11.3.1 Introduction • The Diode Valve • The Triode Valve • The Tetrode Valve Exercise Chapter12: Energy storage and distribution system………………………………………137 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Distribution / DISTRIBUTION/OVERALL SYSTEM 12.2.1 Space heating • Low temperature heating • Space heating energy • LTH control and metering 12.2.2 Domestic hot water 12.2.3 Solar comb systems Exercise
Chapter-1: An Introduction to Energy Sources…………………………………………………6
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Energy Consumption as a Measure of prosperity
1.3 World Energy Futures
1.4 Energy Sources and their availability
1.4.1 Introduction
1.4.2 Conventional and non conventional energy sources
1.4.3 Renewable energy technologies
1.5 Renewable Energy Sources
1.6 Prospects of renewable energy sources
1.7 Conservation of energy
Exercise
Chapter-2: Solar Energy………………………………………………………………………………20
2.1 Solar Radiation and its measurement
2.1.1 Introduction
2.1.2 Solar constant
2.1.3 Solar radiation at the earth’s surface
2.1.4 Solar radiation Geometry
2.1.5 Solar radiation Measurements
2.1.6 Solar radiation data
2.2 Solar Energy collectors
2.2.1. Introduction
2.2.2. Stationary Collectors
2.2.2.1 Flat-plate collectors
2.2.2.2 Compound Parabolic Collectors (CPC)
2.2.2.3 Evacuated Tube Collectors (ETC)
2.2.3. Sun Tracking Concentrating Collectors
2.2.3.1. Parabolic Trough Collectors (PTC)
2.2.3.2 Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR)
2.2.3.3. Parabolic Dish Reflector (PDR)
2.2.3.4. Heliostat Field Collector (HFC)
Chapter3: Solar energy storage………………………………………………………………….35
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Solar energy storage system
3.3 Solar pond
3.3.1 Introduction
3.3.2 WHAT A SOLAR POND IS
WORKING PRINCIPLE
3.3.3 TYPES OF SOLAR PONDS
– NONCONVECTING
– CONVECTING
3.4 APPLICATIONS
3.5. ADVANTAGES and DISADVANTAGES
3.6. CONCLUSION
Chapter-4: Wind Energy……………………………………………………………………………….42
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Wind Energy Conversion Systems
4.2.1 Basic Principles of Wind Machines
4.2.2 Environmental Impacts of Wind Energy
4.2.3 Visual Impact
4.3 Wind turbine
4.4 Types of Wind Turbines
4.4.1 Horizontal Axis Wind Turbines (HAWT)
- HAWT Advantages
- HAWT Disadvantages
4.4.2 Vertical axis design
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
Chaper5: Bio energy……………………………………………………………………………………50
5.1 Introduction:-
5.2 Solid Biomass
5.3 Electricity generation from biomass
5.3.1 Electricity from sugarcane bagasse in Brazil
5.4 Bioenergy conversion technologies.
5.4.1 Direct combustion processes.
5.4.2 Co-firing.
5.4.3 Thermochemical processes.
5.4.4 Pyrolysis.
5.4.5 Carbonisation.
5.4.6 Gasification.
5.4.7 Catalytic Liquefaction.
5.4.8 Biochemical processes.
5.5 Biomass As a Source of Energy
Chapter6: Geothermal Energy………………………………………………………………………60
6.1 Introduction
6.2 How Geothermal Plants Work
• Dry Steam Power Plants
• Flash Steam Power Plants
6.3 Geothermal Energy Sources
6.4 Geothermal’s Harmful Effects
6.5 Geothermal’s Positive Attributes
6.6 Availability of Geothermal Energy
6.7 Geothermal Energy Advantages and Disadvantages
6.8 Geothermal gradient
6.8.1 Heat sources
6.8.2 Heat flow
6.8.3 Variations
6.9 Different Types of Geothermal Cooling Systems
Chapter7: Energy from the oceans………………………………………………………………71
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Work principles
• 7.2.1 Depending on the location
• 7.2.2 Depending on the cycle used
• 7.2.2.1 Closed-cycle
• 7.2.2.2 Open-cycle
• 7.2.2.3 Hybrid
7.3 Some proposed projects
7.4 Other related technologies
• Air conditioning
• Chilled-soil agriculture
• Aquaculture
• Desalination
• Hydrogen production
• Mineral extraction
7.5 Energy from temperature difference between cold air and warm water
7.6 Tidal power
• Introduction
• Generation of tidal energy
• Categories of tidal power
• Tidal vs wind
• Two-basin schemes
• Environmental impact
• Turbidity
• Tidal fences and turbines
• Salinity
• Sediment movements
• Fish
• Energy calculations
• Example calculation of tidal power generation
• Dynamic tidal power
Chapter8: Chemical Energy sources……………………………………………………………85
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Fuel cells
8.2.1 Types of Fuel Cells
• Phosphoric Acid
• Proton Exchange Membrane
• Molten Carbonate
• Solid Oxide
• Alkaline
• Direct Methanol
• Regenerative
• Zinc Air
• Protonic Ceramic
• Microbial Fuel Cell
8.3 Batteries
8.3.1.Introduction of battery
8.3.2 How batteries work
8.3.3 Categories and types of batteries
• Primary batteries
• Secondary batteries
• Battery cell types
1 Wet cell
2 Dry cell
3 Molten salt
4 Reserve
5 Battery cell performance
Chapter9: Hydrogen Energy……………………………………………………………………….101
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Hydrogen Fuel Cells
o How They Work
o Advantages
o Disadvantages
9.3 Hybrids
9.4 Hydrogen Safety
9.5 How a PEM Hydrogen Fuel Cell Works
9.6 Hydrogen Storage
• Gas in Pressurized Tanks
• Liquid in Cryogenic Tanks
• Solid in Metal Hydrides
• Sodium Borohydride
9.7 Prototypes
9.8 Hydrogen Power Advantages and Disadvantages
Chapter10: Magnetohydrodynamics……………………………………………………………………………..108
10.1 Introduction
o Magneto hydrodynamic power generator
10.2 Ideal and resistive MHD
10.3 Structures in MHD systems
10.4 MHD waves
10.5 Extensions to magnetohydrodynamics
10.5.1 Resistive MHD
10.5.2 Extended MHD
10.5.3 Two-Fluid MHD
10.5.4 Hall MHD
10.5.5 Collisionless MHD
10.6 Applications
10.6.1 Geophysics
10.6.2 Astrophysics
10.6 .3 Engineering
Chapter11: Thermionic and Thermoelectric Power Generation………………………113
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Thermionics overview
11.3 Thermionic Valves
11.3.1 Introduction
• The Diode Valve
• The Triode Valve
• The Tetrode Valve
Chapter12: Energy storage and distribution system………………………………………137
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Distribution / DISTRIBUTION/OVERALL SYSTEM
12.2.1 Space heating
• Low temperature heating
• Space heating energy
• LTH control and metering
12.2.2 Domestic hot water
12.2.3 Solar comb systems
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