CHEMICAL REACTOR ENGINEERING Contents Notation /xi Chapter 1 Overview of Chemical Reaction Engineering I1 Part I Homogeneous Reactions in Ideal Reactors I11 Chapter 2 Kinetics of Homogeneous Reactions I13 2.1 Concentration-Dependent Term of a Rate Equation I14 2.2 Temperature-Dependent Term of a Rate Equation I27 2.3 Searching for a Mechanism 129 2.4 Predictability of Reaction Rate from Theory 132 Chapter 3 Interpretation of Batch Reactor Data I38 3.1 Constant-volume Batch Reactor 139 3.2 Varying-volume Batch Reactor 167 3.3 Temperature and Reaction Rate 172 3.4 The Search for a Rate Equation I75 Chapter 4 Introduction to Reactor Design 183 ELOX's Community vi Contents Chapter 5 Ideal Reactors for a Single Reaction 190 5.1 Ideal Batch Reactors I91 52. Steady-State Mixed Flow Reactors 194 5.3 Steady-State Plug Flow Reactors 1101 Chapter 6 Design for Single Reactions I120 6.1 Size Comparison of Single Reactors 1121 6.2 Multiple-Reactor Systems 1124 6.3 Recycle Reactor 1136 6.4 Autocatalytic Reactions 1140 Chapter 7 Design for Parallel Reactions 1152 Chapter 8 Potpourri of Multiple Reactions 1170 8.1 Irreversible First-Order Reactions in Series 1170 8.2 First-Order Followed by Zero-Order Reaction 1178 8.3 Zero-Order Followed by First-Order Reaction 1179 8.4 Successive Irreversible Reactions of Different Orders 1180 8.5 Reversible Reactions 1181 8.6 Irreversible Series-Parallel Reactions 1181 8.7 The Denbigh Reaction and its Special Cases 1194 Chapter 9 Temperature and Pressure Effects 1207 9.1 Single Reactions 1207 9.2 Multiple Reactions 1235 Chapter 10 Choosing the Right Kind of Reactor 1240 Part I1 Flow Patterns, Contacting, and Non-Ideal Flow I255 Chapter 11 Basics of Non-Ideal Flow 1257 11.1 E, the Age Distribution of Fluid, the RTD 1260 11.2 Conversion in Non-Ideal Flow Reactors 1273 ELOX's Community Contents Yii Chapter 12 Compartment Models 1283 Chapter 13 The Dispersion Model 1293 13.1 Axial Dispersion 1293 13.2 Correlations for Axial Dispersion 1309 13.3 Chemical Reaction and Dispersion 1312 Chapter 14 The Tanks-in-Series Model 1321 14.1 Pulse Response Experiments and the RTD 1321 14.2 Chemical Conversion 1328 Chapter 15 The Convection Model for Laminar Flow 1339 15.1 The Convection Model and its RTD 1339 15.2 Chemical Conversion in Laminar Flow Reactors 1345 Chapter 16 Earliness of Mixing, Segregation and RTD 1350 16.1 Self-mixing of a Single Fluid 1350 16.2 Mixing of Two Miscible Fluids 1361 Part 111 Reactions Catalyzed by Solids 1367 Chapter 17 Heterogeneous Reactions - Introduction 1369 Chapter 18 Solid Catalyzed Reactions 1376 18.1 The Rate Equation for Surface Kinetics 1379 18.2 Pore Diffusion Resistance Combined with Surface Kinetics 1381 18.3 Porous Catalyst Particles I385 18.4 Heat Effects During Reaction 1391 18.5 Performance Equations for Reactors Containing Porous Catalyst Particles 1393 18.6 Experimental Methods for Finding Rates 1396 18.7 Product Distribution in Multiple Reactions 1402 ELOX's Community viii Contents Chapter 19 The Packed Bed Catalytic Reactor 1427 Chapter 20 Reactors with Suspended Solid Catalyst, Fluidized Reactors of Various Types 1447 20.1 Background Information About Suspended Solids Reactors 1447 20.2 The Bubbling Fluidized Bed-BFB 1451 20.3 The K-L Model for BFB 1445 20.4 The Circulating Fluidized Bed-CFB 1465 20.5 The Jet Impact Reactor 1470 Chapter 21 Deactivating Catalysts 1473 21.1 Mechanisms of Catalyst Deactivation 1474 21.2 The Rate and Performance Equations 1475 21.3 Design 1489 Chapter 22 GIL Reactions on Solid Catalyst: Trickle Beds, Slurry Reactors, Three-Phase Fluidized Beds 1500 22.1 The General Rate Equation 1500 22.2 Performanc Equations for an Excess of B 1503 22.3 Performance Equations for an Excess of A 1509 22.4 Which Kind of Contactor to Use 1509 22.5 Applications 1510 Part IV Non-Catalytic Systems I521 Chapter 23 Fluid-Fluid Reactions: Kinetics I523 23.1 The Rate Equation 1524 Chapter 24 Fluid-Fluid Reactors: Design 1.540 24.1 Straight Mass Transfer 1543 24.2 Mass Transfer Plus Not Very Slow Reaction 1546 Chapter 25 Fluid-Particle Reactions: Kinetics 1566 25.1 Selection of a Model 1568 25.2 Shrinking Core Model for Spherical Particles of Unchanging Size 1570 ELOX's Community Contents ix 25.3 Rate of Reaction for Shrinking Spherical Particles 1577 25.4 Extensions 1579 25.5 Determination of the Rate-Controlling Step 1582 Chapter 26 Fluid-Particle Reactors: Design 1589 Part V Biochemical Reaction Systems I609 Chapter 27 Enzyme Fermentation 1611 27.1 Michaelis-Menten Kinetics (M-M kinetics) 1612 27.2 Inhibition by a Foreign Substance-Competitive and Noncompetitive Inhibition 1616 Chapter 28 Microbial Fermentation-Introduction and Overall Picture 1623 Chapter 29 Substrate-Limiting Microbial Fermentation 1630 29.1 Batch (or Plug Flow) Fermentors 1630 29.2 Mixed Flow Fermentors 1633 29.3 Optimum Operations of Fermentors 1636 Chapter 30 Product-Limiting Microbial Fermentation 1645 30.1 Batch or Plus Flow Fermentors for n = 1 I646 30.2 Mixed Flow Fermentors for n = 1 1647 Appendix 1655 Name Index 1662 Subject Index 1665
Contents
Notation /xi
Chapter 1
Overview of Chemical Reaction Engineering I1
Part I
Homogeneous Reactions in Ideal
Reactors I11
Chapter 2
Kinetics of Homogeneous Reactions I13
2.1 Concentration-Dependent Term of a Rate Equation I14
2.2 Temperature-Dependent Term of a Rate Equation I27
2.3 Searching for a Mechanism 129
2.4 Predictability of Reaction Rate from Theory 132
Chapter 3
Interpretation of Batch Reactor Data I38
3.1 Constant-volume Batch Reactor 139
3.2 Varying-volume Batch Reactor 167
3.3 Temperature and Reaction Rate 172
3.4 The Search for a Rate Equation I75
Chapter 4
Introduction to Reactor Design 183
ELOX's Community
vi Contents
Chapter 5
Ideal Reactors for a Single Reaction 190
5.1 Ideal Batch Reactors I91
52. Steady-State Mixed Flow Reactors 194
5.3 Steady-State Plug Flow Reactors 1101
Chapter 6
Design for Single Reactions I120
6.1 Size Comparison of Single Reactors 1121
6.2 Multiple-Reactor Systems 1124
6.3 Recycle Reactor 1136
6.4 Autocatalytic Reactions 1140
Chapter 7
Design for Parallel Reactions 1152
Chapter 8
Potpourri of Multiple Reactions 1170
8.1 Irreversible First-Order Reactions in Series 1170
8.2 First-Order Followed by Zero-Order Reaction 1178
8.3 Zero-Order Followed by First-Order Reaction 1179
8.4 Successive Irreversible Reactions of Different Orders 1180
8.5 Reversible Reactions 1181
8.6 Irreversible Series-Parallel Reactions 1181
8.7 The Denbigh Reaction and its Special Cases 1194
Chapter 9
Temperature and Pressure Effects 1207
9.1 Single Reactions 1207
9.2 Multiple Reactions 1235
Chapter 10
Choosing the Right Kind of Reactor 1240
Part I1
Flow Patterns, Contacting, and Non-Ideal
Flow I255
Chapter 11
Basics of Non-Ideal Flow 1257
11.1 E, the Age Distribution of Fluid, the RTD 1260
11.2 Conversion in Non-Ideal Flow Reactors 1273
Contents Yii
Chapter 12
Compartment Models 1283
Chapter 13
The Dispersion Model 1293
13.1 Axial Dispersion 1293
13.2 Correlations for Axial Dispersion 1309
13.3 Chemical Reaction and Dispersion 1312
Chapter 14
The Tanks-in-Series Model 1321
14.1 Pulse Response Experiments and the RTD 1321
14.2 Chemical Conversion 1328
Chapter 15
The Convection Model for Laminar Flow 1339
15.1 The Convection Model and its RTD 1339
15.2 Chemical Conversion in Laminar Flow Reactors 1345
Chapter 16
Earliness of Mixing, Segregation and RTD 1350
16.1 Self-mixing of a Single Fluid 1350
16.2 Mixing of Two Miscible Fluids 1361
Part 111
Reactions Catalyzed by Solids 1367
Chapter 17
Heterogeneous Reactions - Introduction 1369
Chapter 18
Solid Catalyzed Reactions 1376
18.1 The Rate Equation for Surface Kinetics 1379
18.2 Pore Diffusion Resistance Combined with Surface Kinetics 1381
18.3 Porous Catalyst Particles I385
18.4 Heat Effects During Reaction 1391
18.5 Performance Equations for Reactors Containing Porous Catalyst
Particles 1393
18.6 Experimental Methods for Finding Rates 1396
18.7 Product Distribution in Multiple Reactions 1402
viii Contents
Chapter 19
The Packed Bed Catalytic Reactor 1427
Chapter 20
Reactors with Suspended Solid Catalyst,
Fluidized Reactors of Various Types 1447
20.1 Background Information About Suspended Solids Reactors 1447
20.2 The Bubbling Fluidized Bed-BFB 1451
20.3 The K-L Model for BFB 1445
20.4 The Circulating Fluidized Bed-CFB 1465
20.5 The Jet Impact Reactor 1470
Chapter 21
Deactivating Catalysts 1473
21.1 Mechanisms of Catalyst Deactivation 1474
21.2 The Rate and Performance Equations 1475
21.3 Design 1489
Chapter 22
GIL Reactions on Solid Catalyst: Trickle Beds, Slurry
Reactors, Three-Phase Fluidized Beds 1500
22.1 The General Rate Equation 1500
22.2 Performanc Equations for an Excess of B 1503
22.3 Performance Equations for an Excess of A 1509
22.4 Which Kind of Contactor to Use 1509
22.5 Applications 1510
Part IV
Non-Catalytic Systems I521
Chapter 23
Fluid-Fluid Reactions: Kinetics I523
23.1 The Rate Equation 1524
Chapter 24
Fluid-Fluid Reactors: Design 1.540
24.1 Straight Mass Transfer 1543
24.2 Mass Transfer Plus Not Very Slow Reaction 1546
Chapter 25
Fluid-Particle Reactions: Kinetics 1566
25.1 Selection of a Model 1568
25.2 Shrinking Core Model for Spherical Particles of Unchanging
Size 1570
Contents ix
25.3 Rate of Reaction for Shrinking Spherical Particles 1577
25.4 Extensions 1579
25.5 Determination of the Rate-Controlling Step 1582
Chapter 26
Fluid-Particle Reactors: Design 1589
Part V
Biochemical Reaction Systems I609
Chapter 27
Enzyme Fermentation 1611
27.1 Michaelis-Menten Kinetics (M-M kinetics) 1612
27.2 Inhibition by a Foreign Substance-Competitive and
Noncompetitive Inhibition 1616
Chapter 28
Microbial Fermentation-Introduction and Overall
Picture 1623
Chapter 29
Substrate-Limiting Microbial Fermentation 1630
29.1 Batch (or Plug Flow) Fermentors 1630
29.2 Mixed Flow Fermentors 1633
29.3 Optimum Operations of Fermentors 1636
Chapter 30
Product-Limiting Microbial Fermentation 1645
30.1 Batch or Plus Flow Fermentors for n = 1 I646
30.2 Mixed Flow Fermentors for n = 1 1647
Appendix 1655
Name Index 1662
Subject Index 1665
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