ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING 1 An introduction to civil engineering Introduction History of the civil engineering Sub-disciplines of civil engineering Conclusion Review question Part I building materials 2 building materials: an overview Introduction Historical development Classification Properties of building materials Most common building materials Uses of building materials Conclusion Review questions 3 Ferrous and non-ferrous metals Introduction Ferrous metals Different ferrous metals or iron Pig iron Cast iron Wrought iron Steel Non-ferrous metals Aluminum Lead Copper Conclusion Review questions 4 Allows Introduction Important alloys Steel alloys Aluminium alloys Copper alloys Nickel alloys Magnesium alloys Bronze alloys Conclusion Review questions 5 Bricks Introduction History of development Classification of bricks Qualities of first class bricks Qualities of second class bricks Qualities of third class bricks Optimal dimension of bricks Ingredients bricks earth Process of manufacturing bricks Conclusion Review questions 6 Cement Introduction Historical background Portland cement Chemical composition of cement Properties of cement Precautions in storage of cement Uses of cement Conclusion Review questions 7 Introductions Classification of rocks Geological classification Chemical classification Building stones and uses Stone quarrying Quarrying by hand tools Quarrying with channeling machine Quarrying by blasting Selection of stones Qualities of good building stones Deterioration of stones Artificial stones Conclusion Review questions 8 Timbers Introduction Qualities of good timber Preservation of timber Characteristics of hard wood and soft wood Seasoning of timber Storage of timber Commercial timbers Uses of timber Conclusion Review question 9 Sand and lime Introduction Classification and sources of sand Bulking of sand Properties of good sand Lime Sources of lime Classification of limes Characteristics of good lime Uses of lime in general Conclusion Review questions 10 Paints, plasters of paris and plastics Introduction Characteristics of good paints Ingredients of paints Types of paints Objectives of planning Plaster of pairs Classification of plastics Properties /advantages of plastics Methods of making commercial articles from plastics Uses of plastics Conclusion Review questions 11 Gypsum, tiles, damp and termite proof measure Introduction Gypsum Properties of gypsum Uses of gypsum Uses of gypsum Tiles Characteristics or properties of tiles Uses of tiles Damp proof course (DPC) Sources of dampness in building Effects of dampness Presentation of dampness: use of DPC Requirements of good DPCs Termite control Termite control measurement in proposed building Termite control measurement in existing building Conclusion Review questions 12 Glass, thermal insulation and acoustics in building Introduction Classification of glass Uses of glass Thermal insulation Common insulating materials Properties of the materials Acoustics treatment Basic requirements of acoustic treatment of building Factors affecting the acoustic design of building Conclusions Review questions Part-II Building development and construction 13 Building construction and architecture Introduction Development of building Selection of site Soil testing to determine the bearing capacity Bearing capacity of different types of soil Different loads considered in building design Types of foundation in building Other development and constructions of buildings Building construction and management practices Architecture Historical development of architecture Modern architecture Conclusion Review questions 14 types of building Introduction historical development of building Types of building Residential building s Educational buildings Institutional buildings Assembly buildings Business buildings Mercantile buildings Industrial buildings Storage buildings Hazardous buildings Other types of buildings RCC building Assam type building Conclusion Review questions 15 Water supply, sanitary and electrical works in building Introduction Water supply system Precautions in laying the pipes Services pipe materials Water supply layout of a building House drainage Septic tank Soak pit Sanitary fittings and appliances Traps Gully trap Intercepting trap Grease trap Grease trap Silt trap Electrical works in building Wiring materials Electrical fittings Systems of wiring Safety precautions in house wiring Conclusions Review questions 16 Fire and earthquake protection in building Introduction Fire protection in building Structural and architectural safety requirements of fire resistive structures Fire exit requirements The earthquake Earthquake measuring instrument Focus and epicenter of earthquake Magnitude of earthquakes in Indian subcontinent Forces and acceleration on building due to earthquake Building response characteristics Building drift Conclusion Review questions 17 Introduction of green buildings Introduction Main intents of making a building green Reduction of environment impact Participation in implementation of green building constructions Important aspects of green building projects Green building certifying bodies and rating systems Green buildings in India Conclusion Review questions Part III surveying 18 surveying –A glimpse Introduction Divisions of surveying Plane surveying Geodetic surveying Classification of surveying Classification based on function and purpose of surveying Classification based on instruments used Principles of surveying Locating a point from two other known points Working from the whole to the port Basic measurements in surveying Basic methods used in surveying Methods for fixing position in the horizontal plane Methods of determining heights Conclusion Review questions 19 Linear measurements and errors Introduction Methods of linear measurements Chaining instruments Distance measurements: taping and chaining Moderately flat ground taping or chaining on Direct method of measurement in sloping ground Indirect method Types of error and correction Errors in chaining and taping Chain or tape corrections Correction for absolute length or standardization Correction for temperature Correction for slope Correction for pull or tension Correction for sag Conclusion Review questions 20 Compass surveying Introduction Angular measurement using compass Whole circle bearing and reduced bearing Fore bearing and back bearing Angles between two lines from bearings and bearing from angles Magnetic compass: measurement of bearings Prismatic compass Steps used to measure bearing by prismatic compass Dip of a magnetic needle Magnetic declination Loacal attraction Detection and correction of local attraction Conclusions Review questions 21 Traverse surveying Introduction Chain traversing Chain and compass traversing Closing error and adjustments Adjustments Latitude and departure Calculation of latitude and departure of closed traverse lines Conclusions Review questions 22 Leveling Introduction Types of leveling instruments Dumpy level Adjustment of level Temporary adjustment Leveling staff Sopwith telescopic metric staff Folding staff Terms in leveling Level books and entries of field works Methods of leveling Height of instrument method Rise and fall method Conclusion Review questions 23 Modern surveying equipments Introduction Initial development of EDM instruments Basic theory : electromagnetic waves Phase of the wave Measurement of distance from phase difference Types of EDM instruments Total station and uses Conclusions Review questions 24 Photogrammetry ,remote sensing and GPS Introduction Photogrammetry Remote sensing Global positioning system Method of operation Geographic information system Digital terrain models Conclusions Review questions Part IV highway engineering 25 Highway and ideal cross-section Introduction Historical background of road or highway Classification of roads National highways Major district roads Other district roads Village roads Ideal cross-sections Related terms of cross-section Conclusion Review questions 26 Pavements and roads Introduction Types of pavement Rigid pavement Semi-rigid pavement Composite pavement Comparison of flexible and rigid pavements Types of road Earth roads Gravel roads Water bound macadam road Bituminous roads Conclusions Review questions 27 Traffic control mechanisms Introduction Traffic control mechanisms or devices Dividers Traffic rotary Shapes of rotary island Road signs Road sign in India Regulatory signs Warning signs Informatory signs Conclusions Review questions Index
ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
1 An introduction to civil engineering
Introduction
History of the civil engineering
Sub-disciplines of civil engineering
Conclusion
Review question
Part I building materials
2 building materials: an overview
Historical development
Classification
Properties of building materials
Most common building materials
Uses of building materials
Review questions
3 Ferrous and non-ferrous metals
Ferrous metals
Different ferrous metals or iron
Pig iron
Cast iron
Wrought iron
Steel
Non-ferrous metals
Aluminum
Lead
Copper
4 Allows
Important alloys
Steel alloys
Aluminium alloys
Copper alloys
Nickel alloys
Magnesium alloys
Bronze alloys
5 Bricks
History of development
Classification of bricks
Qualities of first class bricks
Qualities of second class bricks
Qualities of third class bricks
Optimal dimension of bricks
Ingredients bricks earth
Process of manufacturing bricks
6 Cement
Historical background
Portland cement
Chemical composition of cement
Properties of cement
Precautions in storage of cement
Uses of cement
7 Introductions
Classification of rocks
Geological classification
Chemical classification
Building stones and uses
Stone quarrying
Quarrying by hand tools
Quarrying with channeling machine
Quarrying by blasting
Selection of stones
Qualities of good building stones
Deterioration of stones
Artificial stones
8 Timbers
Qualities of good timber
Preservation of timber
Characteristics of hard wood and soft wood
Seasoning of timber
Storage of timber
Commercial timbers
Uses of timber
9 Sand and lime
Classification and sources of sand
Bulking of sand
Properties of good sand
Lime
Sources of lime
Classification of limes
Characteristics of good lime
Uses of lime in general
10 Paints, plasters of paris and plastics
Characteristics of good paints
Ingredients of paints
Types of paints
Objectives of planning
Plaster of pairs
Classification of plastics
Properties /advantages of plastics
Methods of making commercial articles from plastics
Uses of plastics
11 Gypsum, tiles, damp and termite proof measure
Gypsum
Properties of gypsum
Uses of gypsum
Tiles
Characteristics or properties of tiles
Uses of tiles
Damp proof course (DPC)
Sources of dampness in building
Effects of dampness
Presentation of dampness: use of DPC
Requirements of good DPCs
Termite control
Termite control measurement in proposed building
Termite control measurement in existing building
12 Glass, thermal insulation and acoustics in building
Classification of glass
Uses of glass
Thermal insulation
Common insulating materials
Properties of the materials
Acoustics treatment
Basic requirements of acoustic treatment of building
Factors affecting the acoustic design of building
Conclusions
Part-II Building development and construction
13 Building construction and architecture
Development of building
Selection of site
Soil testing to determine the bearing capacity
Bearing capacity of different types of soil
Different loads considered in building design
Types of foundation in building
Other development and constructions of buildings
Building construction and management practices
Architecture
Historical development of architecture
Modern architecture
14 types of building
Introduction historical development of building
Types of building
Residential building s
Educational buildings
Institutional buildings
Assembly buildings
Business buildings
Mercantile buildings
Industrial buildings
Storage buildings
Hazardous buildings
Other types of buildings
RCC building
Assam type building
15 Water supply, sanitary and electrical works in building
Water supply system
Precautions in laying the pipes
Services pipe materials
Water supply layout of a building
House drainage
Septic tank
Soak pit
Sanitary fittings and appliances
Traps
Gully trap
Intercepting trap
Grease trap
Silt trap
Electrical works in building
Wiring materials
Electrical fittings
Systems of wiring
Safety precautions in house wiring
16 Fire and earthquake protection in building
Fire protection in building
Structural and architectural safety requirements of fire resistive structures
Fire exit requirements
The earthquake
Earthquake measuring instrument
Focus and epicenter of earthquake
Magnitude of earthquakes in Indian subcontinent
Forces and acceleration on building due to earthquake
Building response characteristics
Building drift
17 Introduction of green buildings
Main intents of making a building green
Reduction of environment impact
Participation in implementation of green building constructions
Important aspects of green building projects
Green building certifying bodies and rating systems
Green buildings in India
Part III surveying
18 surveying –A glimpse
Divisions of surveying
Plane surveying
Geodetic surveying
Classification of surveying
Classification based on function and purpose of surveying
Classification based on instruments used
Principles of surveying
Locating a point from two other known points
Working from the whole to the port
Basic measurements in surveying
Basic methods used in surveying
Methods for fixing position in the horizontal plane
Methods of determining heights
19 Linear measurements and errors
Methods of linear measurements
Chaining instruments
Distance measurements: taping and chaining
Moderately flat ground taping or chaining on
Direct method of measurement in sloping ground
Indirect method
Types of error and correction
Errors in chaining and taping
Chain or tape corrections
Correction for absolute length or standardization
Correction for temperature
Correction for slope
Correction for pull or tension
Correction for sag
20 Compass surveying
Angular measurement using compass
Whole circle bearing and reduced bearing
Fore bearing and back bearing
Angles between two lines from bearings and bearing from angles
Magnetic compass: measurement of bearings
Prismatic compass
Steps used to measure bearing by prismatic compass
Dip of a magnetic needle
Magnetic declination
Loacal attraction
Detection and correction of local attraction
21 Traverse surveying
Chain traversing
Chain and compass traversing
Closing error and adjustments
Adjustments
Latitude and departure
Calculation of latitude and departure of closed traverse lines
22 Leveling
Types of leveling instruments
Dumpy level
Adjustment of level
Temporary adjustment
Leveling staff
Sopwith telescopic metric staff
Folding staff
Terms in leveling
Level books and entries of field works
Methods of leveling
Height of instrument method
Rise and fall method
23 Modern surveying equipments
Initial development of EDM instruments
Basic theory : electromagnetic waves
Phase of the wave
Measurement of distance from phase difference
Types of EDM instruments
Total station and uses
24 Photogrammetry ,remote sensing and GPS
Photogrammetry
Remote sensing
Global positioning system
Method of operation
Geographic information system
Digital terrain models
Part IV highway engineering
25 Highway and ideal cross-section
Historical background of road or highway
Classification of roads
National highways
Major district roads
Other district roads
Village roads
Ideal cross-sections
Related terms of cross-section
26 Pavements and roads
Types of pavement
Rigid pavement
Semi-rigid pavement
Composite pavement
Comparison of flexible and rigid pavements
Types of road
Earth roads
Gravel roads
Water bound macadam road
Bituminous roads
27 Traffic control mechanisms
Traffic control mechanisms or devices
Dividers
Traffic rotary
Shapes of rotary island
Road signs
Road sign in India
Regulatory signs
Warning signs
Informatory signs
Index
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