BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Contents Chapter 1 Introduction General Types of buildings Components of a building Design loads Chapter-2 Foundations-1: general Introduction Functions of foundations Essential requirements of a good foundation Types of foundations Site investigation and sub-soil exploration Methods of site exploration Bearing capacity of soils Analytical methods Plate load test Penetration tests Presumptive bearing capacity values From codes Settlement of foundations Methods of improving safe bearing pressure Of soils Causes of failure of foundations and remedial Measures Setting out foundation trenches Excavation and timbering of foundation Trenches Excavations in ground with sub-soil water Problems Chapter-3 foundations -2: shallow foundations Introduction Depth of footings Strip footing Isolated footing or pad footing Eccentrically loaded footings Grillage foundations Combined footings Strap footing or cantilever footing Raft foundation Foundations for black cotton soils Footings at different levels: stepped footings Adjacent footings Machine foundations Problems Chapter-4 Foundations-3: deep foundations Introduction Types of piles Cased cast-in-situ concrete piles Uncased cast-in-situ concrete piles Bore:piles Precast concrete piles Steel piles Timber piles Composite piles Screw piles and disc piles Pile driving Load carrying capacity of piles Pile driving Load carrying capacity of piles Pile load test Pile cap Group action in piles Under-reamed piles Bored compaction piles Sand piles Sheet piles Coffer dams Caissons: well foundations Problems Chapter-5 Masonry -1: stone masonry Masonry Definition of terms used in masonry Materials for stone masonry Classification of stone masonry Dressing of stones Appliances for lifting stones Joints in stone masonry Supervision of stone masonry construction Safe permissible loads on stone masonry Problems Chapter-6 masonry-2 brick masonry Introduction Types of bricks Some definitions Bonds in bricks work Stretcher bond Header bond English bond Flemish bond Facing bond English cross bond Brick on edge bond Dutch bond Raking bond Zig zag bond Garden wall bonds Bond at connections Bond in brick piers Bond in footings Tools for brick laying Brick laying Improved method of brick-laying Supervision of brick work Comparison of brick masonry and stone Masonry Defects in bricks masonry Strength of brick masonry Thickness of a brick wall Typical structures in brick work Buttresses Thresholds Window sills Corbels Copings Jambs Ornamental brick work Brick knogging Retaining walls and breast walls Problems Chapter-7 masonry-3: composite masonry Introduction Stone composite masonry Brick-stone composite masonry Concrete masonry Hollow clay blocks masonry Reinforced bricks masonry Problems Chapter-8 Load-bearing walls Types of walls Design considerations Lateral support Effective height of wall Effective length of wall Effective thickness Slenderness ratio Basic compressive stress Structural design of walls Design of structural analysis Concentrated load Stress concentration below lintel bearings Mortar selection Problems 9 Cavity walls Introduction General features of cavity walls Position of cavity at foundation level Position of cavity at eaves or parapet level Cavity wall at openings Wall ties Construction of cavity wall Cavity masonry wall Problems Chapter-10 partition walls Introduction Brick-partitions Clay block partition walls Concrete partitions Glass partitions Asbestos sheet or G.I. sneet partitions Plaster slab partitions Timber partitions Problems CHAPTER-11 Floors-1: ground floors Introduction Components of a floor Materials for construction Selection of flooring material Mud flooring and muram flooring Brick flooring Flag stone flooring Cement concrete flooring Terrazzo flooring Mosaic flooring Tiled flooring Marble flooring Timber flooring Asphalt flooring Rubber flooring Linoleum flooring Cork flooring Glass flooring Plastic or P.V.C. flooring Problems Chapter-12 Floors-2 :upper floors Introduction Steel joist and stone or precast concrete Slab floors jack arch floors Reinforced cement concrete floors Ribbed or hollow tiled flooring Filler joists floors Pre-cast concrete floors Timber floors Problems Chapter-13 lintels and arches Introduction Classification of lintels Timber lintels Stone lintels Bricks lintels Steel lintels Reinforced cement concrete lintels Loading on lintels Arch: terms used Stability of an arch Classification of arches Stone arches Brick arches Concrete arches Construction of arches Problems Chaspter-14 stairs Introduction Technical terms Requirements of a good stair Dimensions of a step Classification of stairs Stairs of different materials Problems Chapter-15 Roofs and roof coverings Introduction Types of roofs Pitched roofs: basic elements Types of pitched roofs Single roofs Double or purlin roofs Trussed roofs Steel roof trusses Roof coverings for pitched roofs Flat terraced roofing Problems 16 Carpentary and joinery Introduction Technical terms in carpentry Principles governing the construction of joints Classification of joints Lengthening joints Widening joints Bearing joints Framing joints Angle or corner joints Oblique shouldered joints Fastenings Tools used in carpentry work Problems Chapter-17 doors and windows Introduction Location of doors and windows Definition of technical terms Size of doors Door frames Types of doors Windows Types of windows Ventilators combined with window or Door: fan light Fixtures and fastenings Problems Chapter-18 Shoring ,underpinning and scaffolding Shoring Raking shores Flying or horizontal shores Dead or vertical shores Dead or vertical shores Underpinning Scaffolding Problems Chapter-19 Plastering and pointing Plastering Types of mortars for plastering Terminology used in plastering work Tools for plastering Number of coats of plaster Methods of plastering Plaster on lath Types of plaster finishes Special materials used in plastering Defects in plastering Pointing Problems Chapter-20 Painting , distempering and whitewashing Paints and painting Characteristics of an ideal paint Constituents of a paint Classification and types of paints Painting on different surfaces Defects in painting Varnishing Distempering White washing and colour washing Problems Chapter-21 Damp-proofing Introduction: causes of dampness Effects of dampness Methods of damp proofing Materials used for damp proofing course D.P.C treatment in buildings Problems Chapter-22 Termite proofing Introduction :types of termites Anti-termite treatment Site preparation Soil treatment Physical structural barriers Post-construction treatment Problems Chapter-23 Fire protection Introduction Fire hazards Fire load Grading of structural elements Grading of buildings according to fire Resistance Characteristics of fire resisting materials Fire-resisting properties of common building Materials General fire safety requirements for buildings Fire resistant construction Fire alarms Fire extinguishing equipments Problems CHAPTER-24 Thermal insulation Introduction Heat transfer: basic definitions Thermal insulating materials General methods of thermal insulation Thermal insulation of roofs Thermal insulation of exposed walls Thermal insulation of exposed doors and windows Problems Chapter-25 Plain and reinforced cement concrete Cement concrete Classification and composition of cement Specifications for Portland cement Aggregates Water Measurement of materials Water-cement ratio Properties and tests on concrete Steel reinforcement Problems 26 Form-work Introduction Requirements Indian standard on form work Loads on form work Shuttering for beam and slab floor Form work for stairs Form work for walls Problems 27 Ventilation and airconditioning Ventilation: definition and necessity Functional requirements of ventilation system System of ventilation Natural ventilation Mechanical ventilation Air conditioning Essentials of comfort air conditioning Systems of air conditioning Essentials of air conditioning system Problems Chapter-28 Acoustics and sound insulation Introduction Characteristics of audible sound Behavior of sound in enclosures Reflection of sound Reverberation Absorption Common acoustical defects Acoustical design of halls Acoustics of studios Sound insulation Problems Chapter-29 Pert and CPM Project management Methods of planning and programming Bar charts Shortcomings of bar charts and remedial Measures Milestone charts Elements of network PERT networks CPM networks Critical activities and critical path CPM : cost model Chapter-30 Water supply and drainage Introduction: plumbing services Water distribution system Material for service pipes Service connection Size of service pipes Water meter Valves Storage tanks House drainage: general principles Pipes and traps Sanitary fittings Systems of plumbing House drainage plans Septic tank Soak pit Problems Index
BUILDING CONSTRUCTION
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction
General
Types of buildings
Components of a building
Design loads
Chapter-2 Foundations-1: general
Introduction
Functions of foundations
Essential requirements of a good foundation
Types of foundations
Site investigation and sub-soil exploration
Methods of site exploration
Bearing capacity of soils
Analytical methods
Plate load test
Penetration tests
Presumptive bearing capacity values
From codes
Settlement of foundations
Methods of improving safe bearing pressure
Of soils
Causes of failure of foundations and remedial
Measures
Setting out foundation trenches
Excavation and timbering of foundation
Trenches
Excavations in ground with sub-soil water
Problems
Chapter-3 foundations -2: shallow foundations
Depth of footings
Strip footing
Isolated footing or pad footing
Eccentrically loaded footings
Grillage foundations
Combined footings
Strap footing or cantilever footing
Raft foundation
Foundations for black cotton soils
Footings at different levels: stepped footings
Adjacent footings
Machine foundations
Chapter-4 Foundations-3: deep foundations
Types of piles
Cased cast-in-situ concrete piles
Uncased cast-in-situ concrete piles
Bore:piles
Precast concrete piles
Steel piles
Timber piles
Composite piles
Screw piles and disc piles
Pile driving
Load carrying capacity of piles
Pile load test
Pile cap
Group action in piles
Under-reamed piles
Bored compaction piles
Sand piles
Sheet piles
Coffer dams
Caissons: well foundations
Chapter-5 Masonry -1: stone masonry
Masonry
Definition of terms used in masonry
Materials for stone masonry
Classification of stone masonry
Dressing of stones
Appliances for lifting stones
Joints in stone masonry
Supervision of stone masonry construction
Safe permissible loads on stone masonry
Chapter-6 masonry-2 brick masonry
Types of bricks
Some definitions
Bonds in bricks work
Stretcher bond
Header bond
English bond
Flemish bond
Facing bond
English cross bond
Brick on edge bond
Dutch bond
Raking bond
Zig zag bond
Garden wall bonds
Bond at connections
Bond in brick piers
Bond in footings
Tools for brick laying
Brick laying
Improved method of brick-laying
Supervision of brick work
Comparison of brick masonry and stone
Defects in bricks masonry
Strength of brick masonry
Thickness of a brick wall
Typical structures in brick work
Buttresses
Thresholds
Window sills
Corbels
Copings
Jambs
Ornamental brick work
Brick knogging
Retaining walls and breast walls
Chapter-7 masonry-3: composite masonry
Stone composite masonry
Brick-stone composite masonry
Concrete masonry
Hollow clay blocks masonry
Reinforced bricks masonry
Chapter-8 Load-bearing walls
Types of walls
Design considerations
Lateral support
Effective height of wall
Effective length of wall
Effective thickness
Slenderness ratio
Basic compressive stress
Structural design of walls
Design of structural analysis
Concentrated load
Stress concentration below lintel bearings
Mortar selection
9 Cavity walls
General features of cavity walls
Position of cavity at foundation level
Position of cavity at eaves or parapet level
Cavity wall at openings
Wall ties
Construction of cavity wall
Cavity masonry wall
Chapter-10 partition walls
Brick-partitions
Clay block partition walls
Concrete partitions
Glass partitions
Asbestos sheet or G.I. sneet partitions
Plaster slab partitions
Timber partitions
CHAPTER-11 Floors-1: ground floors
Components of a floor
Materials for construction
Selection of flooring material
Mud flooring and muram flooring
Brick flooring
Flag stone flooring
Cement concrete flooring
Terrazzo flooring
Mosaic flooring
Tiled flooring
Marble flooring
Timber flooring
Asphalt flooring
Rubber flooring
Linoleum flooring
Cork flooring
Glass flooring
Plastic or P.V.C. flooring
Chapter-12 Floors-2 :upper floors
Steel joist and stone or precast concrete
Slab floors jack arch floors
Reinforced cement concrete floors
Ribbed or hollow tiled flooring
Filler joists floors
Pre-cast concrete floors
Timber floors
Chapter-13 lintels and arches
Classification of lintels
Timber lintels
Stone lintels
Bricks lintels
Steel lintels
Reinforced cement concrete lintels
Loading on lintels
Arch: terms used
Stability of an arch
Classification of arches
Stone arches
Brick arches
Concrete arches
Construction of arches
Chaspter-14 stairs
Technical terms
Requirements of a good stair
Dimensions of a step
Classification of stairs
Stairs of different materials
Chapter-15 Roofs and roof coverings
Types of roofs
Pitched roofs: basic elements
Types of pitched roofs
Single roofs
Double or purlin roofs
Trussed roofs
Steel roof trusses
Roof coverings for pitched roofs
Flat terraced roofing
16 Carpentary and joinery
Technical terms in carpentry
Principles governing the construction of joints
Classification of joints
Lengthening joints
Widening joints
Bearing joints
Framing joints
Angle or corner joints
Oblique shouldered joints
Fastenings
Tools used in carpentry work
Chapter-17 doors and windows
Location of doors and windows
Definition of technical terms
Size of doors
Door frames
Types of doors
Windows
Types of windows
Ventilators combined with window or
Door: fan light
Fixtures and fastenings
Chapter-18 Shoring ,underpinning and scaffolding
Shoring
Raking shores
Flying or horizontal shores
Dead or vertical shores
Underpinning
Scaffolding
Chapter-19 Plastering and pointing
Plastering
Types of mortars for plastering
Terminology used in plastering work
Tools for plastering
Number of coats of plaster
Methods of plastering
Plaster on lath
Types of plaster finishes
Special materials used in plastering
Defects in plastering
Pointing
Chapter-20 Painting , distempering and whitewashing
Paints and painting
Characteristics of an ideal paint
Constituents of a paint
Classification and types of paints
Painting on different surfaces
Defects in painting
Varnishing
Distempering
White washing and colour washing
Chapter-21 Damp-proofing
Introduction: causes of dampness
Effects of dampness
Methods of damp proofing
Materials used for damp proofing course
D.P.C treatment in buildings
Chapter-22 Termite proofing
Introduction :types of termites
Anti-termite treatment
Site preparation
Soil treatment
Physical structural barriers
Post-construction treatment
Chapter-23 Fire protection
Fire hazards
Fire load
Grading of structural elements
Grading of buildings according to fire
Resistance
Characteristics of fire resisting materials
Fire-resisting properties of common building
Materials
General fire safety requirements for buildings
Fire resistant construction
Fire alarms
Fire extinguishing equipments
CHAPTER-24 Thermal insulation
Heat transfer: basic definitions
Thermal insulating materials
General methods of thermal insulation
Thermal insulation of roofs
Thermal insulation of exposed walls
Thermal insulation of exposed doors and windows
Chapter-25 Plain and reinforced cement concrete
Cement concrete
Classification and composition of cement
Specifications for Portland cement
Aggregates
Water
Measurement of materials
Water-cement ratio
Properties and tests on concrete
Steel reinforcement
26 Form-work
Requirements
Indian standard on form work
Loads on form work
Shuttering for beam and slab floor
Form work for stairs
Form work for walls
27 Ventilation and airconditioning
Ventilation: definition and necessity
Functional requirements of ventilation system
System of ventilation
Natural ventilation
Mechanical ventilation
Air conditioning
Essentials of comfort air conditioning
Systems of air conditioning
Essentials of air conditioning system
Chapter-28 Acoustics and sound insulation
Characteristics of audible sound
Behavior of sound in enclosures
Reflection of sound
Reverberation
Absorption
Common acoustical defects
Acoustical design of halls
Acoustics of studios
Sound insulation
Chapter-29 Pert and CPM
Project management
Methods of planning and programming
Bar charts
Shortcomings of bar charts and remedial
Milestone charts
Elements of network
PERT networks
CPM networks
Critical activities and critical path
CPM : cost model
Chapter-30 Water supply and drainage
Introduction: plumbing services
Water distribution system
Material for service pipes
Service connection
Size of service pipes
Water meter
Valves
Storage tanks
House drainage: general principles
Pipes and traps
Sanitary fittings
Systems of plumbing
House drainage plans
Septic tank
Soak pit
Index
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