WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING Contents Chapter-1 water systems Introduction Historical development Sources of water Water supply systems Chapter-2 Hydrology The water cycle Precipitation Measurement of rainfall Computation of average rainfall over a basin Evaporation and transpiration Run-off Computation of-off Estimation of maximum rate of run-off or flood Discharge Chapter-3 Surface sources Storage reservoirs Investigations for reservoir planning Selection of site for a reservoir Storage capacity and yield Dams Intakes Chapter-4 Ground water :wells Introduction Types of aquifers Storage coefficient Well hydraulics Determination of aquifer constant T Characteristics well losses Specific capacity of well Interference among wells Fully penetrating artesian-gravity well Partially penetrating artesian well Spherical flow in a well Tube wells Methods for drilling tube wells Well shrouding and well development Open wells Yield of an open well Selection of suitable site for a tube well Section of a tube well Unsteady flow Other sources of underground water Radial collector wells Chapter-5 Water demand and quantity Introduction Design period Population forecast Factors affecting population growth Determination of population for inter-censal And post-censal years Water demand Factors affecting rate of demand Variations in rate of demand Chapter-6 Quality of water Introduction Common impurities in water and their effect Quality of sources Water analysis Physical examination Micro-organisms in water Microbiological examination of water The nuisance bacteria Common water-borne diseases Standards of purified water Chapter-7 Unit operations Introduction Important unit operations Gas transfer Ion transfer Solute stabilization Solids transfer Water treatment processes Chapter-8 Screening and aeration Screening Coarse screens or bar screens Fine screens Micro-strainers Aeration Types of aerators Factors governing aeration or gas transfer Design of gravity aerators Design of fixed spray aerators Limitations of aeration Chapter -9 Sedimentation Introduction Types of settlings Settling of discrete particles Types of sedimentation tanks Horizontal flow sedimentation tank Size-weight composition and removal Maximum velocity to prevent bed uplift Or scour Design elements Setting tank efficiency Details of plan sedimentation tanks Sedimentation with coagulation: clarification Common coagulants Methods of feeding coagulants Mixing devices Flocculation Clarification Sludge blanket tanks or solid Contact clarifier The pulsator clarifier Shallow depth sedimentation: tube settler Illustrative examples Design examples Chapter -10 filtration Introduction Theory of filtration Classification of filters Filter media Slow sand filters Rapid sand filter: gravity type Working and washing of rapid sand filters Loss of head and negative head Filter troubles Performance of rapid sand filters Comparison of slow sand and Rapid sand filters Filtration hydraulics : Carmen-kozney equation : Rose equation Flow through expanded beds Pressure filters Double filtration: roughing filter Dual media and mixed media filters Upflow filters Biflow filters Micro-strainers Diatomite filters Chapter -11 disinfection Introduction Methods of disinfection Minor methods of disinfection Chlorination Forms of application of chlorine Application of chlorine Forms of chlorine Forms of chlorination Tests for free and combined chlorine Factors affecting bactericidal efficiency Of chlorine Kinetics of chemical disinfection Iodine treatment Bromine treatment Ozone treatment Chapter-12 Water softening Introduction Type of hardness and methods of Their removal Lime-soda process Lime-soda softening plant Water softening accelerator Zeolite process Advantages and disadvantages of lime soda and zeolite Process Demineralization or deionization process Chapter-13 miscellaneous treatment methods Removal of iron and manager Colour odour and taste removal Activated carbon treatment Use of copper sulphate Fluoridation Defluoridation Desalination Chapter -14 Pumps and pumping Necessity of pumping Types of pumps and their choice Displacement pumps Centrifugal pumps Comparison of reciprocating and Centrifugal pumps Jet pump Air lift pumps Well pumps Centrigual pump installation Characteristics of centrifugal pump Multiple pump systems Variable speed operation Suction lift limitations :cavitation System head curve Operating point or operating range Of a pump Selection of pumping units Power requirements of pumps Economical diameter of pumping mains Chapter-15 convenience of water Introduction Pipes Cast iron pipes Wrought iron and galvanized iron pipes Steel pipes Cement concrete pipes Asbestos cement pipes Copper and lead pipes Wood-stave pipes Plastics pipes Stresses in pipes Corrosion in pipes Pipe appurtenances Head loss through pipes Chapter -16 Distribution of water Introduction Methods of distribution Pressure in distribution mains Systems of water supply Storage and distribution reservoirs Types of storage and distribution reservoirs Capacity of distribution reservoir Pipe hydraulics Pipes in series and parallel Layout of distribution system Design of distribution system Analysis of pressure in distribution system Hardy cross method Chapter-17 Water supply for buildings Materials for service pipes Service connection Size of service pipes Water meters Valves Loss of head through pipes and pipe fittings Appendix Index
WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING
Contents
Chapter-1 water systems
Introduction
Historical development
Sources of water
Water supply systems
Chapter-2 Hydrology
The water cycle
Precipitation
Measurement of rainfall
Computation of average rainfall over a basin
Evaporation and transpiration
Run-off
Computation of-off
Estimation of maximum rate of run-off or flood
Discharge
Chapter-3 Surface sources
Storage reservoirs
Investigations for reservoir planning
Selection of site for a reservoir
Storage capacity and yield
Dams
Intakes
Chapter-4 Ground water :wells
Types of aquifers
Storage coefficient
Well hydraulics
Determination of aquifer constant T
Characteristics well losses
Specific capacity of well
Interference among wells
Fully penetrating artesian-gravity well
Partially penetrating artesian well
Spherical flow in a well
Tube wells
Methods for drilling tube wells
Well shrouding and well development
Open wells
Yield of an open well
Selection of suitable site for a tube well
Section of a tube well
Unsteady flow
Other sources of underground water
Radial collector wells
Chapter-5 Water demand and quantity
Design period
Population forecast
Factors affecting population growth
Determination of population for inter-censal
And post-censal years
Water demand
Factors affecting rate of demand
Variations in rate of demand
Chapter-6 Quality of water
Common impurities in water and their effect
Quality of sources
Water analysis
Physical examination
Micro-organisms in water
Microbiological examination of water
The nuisance bacteria
Common water-borne diseases
Standards of purified water
Chapter-7 Unit operations
Important unit operations
Gas transfer
Ion transfer
Solute stabilization
Solids transfer
Water treatment processes
Chapter-8 Screening and aeration
Screening
Coarse screens or bar screens
Fine screens
Micro-strainers
Aeration
Types of aerators
Factors governing aeration or gas transfer
Design of gravity aerators
Design of fixed spray aerators
Limitations of aeration
Chapter -9 Sedimentation
Types of settlings
Settling of discrete particles
Types of sedimentation tanks
Horizontal flow sedimentation tank
Size-weight composition and removal
Maximum velocity to prevent bed uplift
Or scour
Design elements
Setting tank efficiency
Details of plan sedimentation tanks
Sedimentation with coagulation: clarification
Common coagulants
Methods of feeding coagulants
Mixing devices
Flocculation
Clarification
Sludge blanket tanks or solid
Contact clarifier
The pulsator clarifier
Shallow depth sedimentation: tube settler
Illustrative examples
Design examples
Chapter -10 filtration
Theory of filtration
Classification of filters
Filter media
Slow sand filters
Rapid sand filter: gravity type
Working and washing of rapid sand filters
Loss of head and negative head
Filter troubles
Performance of rapid sand filters
Comparison of slow sand and
Rapid sand filters
Filtration hydraulics :
Carmen-kozney equation :
Rose equation
Flow through expanded beds
Pressure filters
Double filtration: roughing filter
Dual media and mixed media filters
Upflow filters
Biflow filters
Diatomite filters
Chapter -11 disinfection
Methods of disinfection
Minor methods of disinfection
Chlorination
Forms of application of chlorine
Application of chlorine
Forms of chlorine
Forms of chlorination
Tests for free and combined chlorine
Factors affecting bactericidal efficiency
Of chlorine
Kinetics of chemical disinfection
Iodine treatment
Bromine treatment
Ozone treatment
Chapter-12 Water softening
Type of hardness and methods of
Their removal
Lime-soda process
Lime-soda softening plant
Water softening accelerator
Zeolite process
Advantages and disadvantages of lime soda and zeolite
Process
Demineralization or deionization process
Chapter-13 miscellaneous treatment methods
Removal of iron and manager
Colour odour and taste removal
Activated carbon treatment
Use of copper sulphate
Fluoridation
Defluoridation
Desalination
Chapter -14 Pumps and pumping
Necessity of pumping
Types of pumps and their choice
Displacement pumps
Centrifugal pumps
Comparison of reciprocating and
Jet pump
Air lift pumps
Well pumps
Centrigual pump installation
Characteristics of centrifugal pump
Multiple pump systems
Variable speed operation
Suction lift limitations :cavitation
System head curve
Operating point or operating range
Of a pump
Selection of pumping units
Power requirements of pumps
Economical diameter of pumping mains
Chapter-15 convenience of water
Pipes
Cast iron pipes
Wrought iron and galvanized iron pipes
Steel pipes
Cement concrete pipes
Asbestos cement pipes
Copper and lead pipes
Wood-stave pipes
Plastics pipes
Stresses in pipes
Corrosion in pipes
Pipe appurtenances
Head loss through pipes
Chapter -16 Distribution of water
Methods of distribution
Pressure in distribution mains
Systems of water supply
Storage and distribution reservoirs
Types of storage and distribution reservoirs
Capacity of distribution reservoir
Pipe hydraulics
Pipes in series and parallel
Layout of distribution system
Design of distribution system
Analysis of pressure in distribution system
Hardy cross method
Chapter-17 Water supply for buildings
Materials for service pipes
Service connection
Size of service pipes
Water meters
Valves
Loss of head through pipes and pipe fittings
Appendix
Index
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