YARN MANUFACTURING Chapter-4 Carding theory Opening of fiber mass Feed-roller, feed-plate systems Feed-roller systems Carding actions Cylinder –flat action Swift-worker-stripper action Web formation and fiber configuration Cylinder-doffer action Fiber configuration and mechanism of fiber Transfer Effect of machine variables on fiber configuration Recycling layer and transfer coefficient Factors that determine the transfer coefficient, k The importance of the recycling layer Blending-leveling action Evening actions of a card Step change in feed General or random irregularities Periodic irregularities Fiber breakage Mechanism of fiber breakage State of fiber mass and fiber characteristics Effect residual crease and added lubrication Effect of machine parameters Tooth geometry Roller surface speed/setting/production rate The taker-in zone Effect of cylinder-flats and swift-worker Interaction Chapter-5 materials preparation stage III Drawing Principles of doubling Principles of roller drafting Ideal drafting Actual drafting Effect of input material characteristics Drafting wave Observations of floating fiber Motion Drafting force Factors influencing drafting wave irregularity Size of draft Input count Doubling Fiber straightness, parallelism, fineness And length Roller settings Effect of machine defects Toller eccentricity Roller slip The drawing operations The draw frame The gill box Production equation Combing The principles of rectilinear combing Nesmith comb The cylinder comb The feed roller/top and bottom Nipper plates/ top comb Detaching rollers and delivery rollers The combing cycle French comb Production equation Degrees of combing Factors affecting noil extraction Comber settings Preparation of input sliver Conversion of two to sliver Cutting converters Stretch-breaking converters Production equation Roving production The speed-frame Production equation Rub rovers Production equation Environmental processing conditions References Chapter-6 Yarn formation structure and properties Spinning systems Ring and traveler spinning systems Conventional ring spinning Spinning tensions Twist insertion and bobbin winding Spinning end breaks Compact spinning and sols spinning Spun-plied spinning Key points Advantages Disadvantages Open-end spinning systems OE-end spinning systems OE rotor spinning Twist insertion End breaks during spinning OE friction spinning Self-twist spinning systems Wrap-twist spinning system Wrap spinning systems Surface fiber wrapping Dref-3 friction spinning Air-jet spinning Single-and twin-jet systems: murata Vortex, murata twin spinner, suessen Plyfil Filament wrapping Twistless spinning systems Continuous felting: periloc process Adhesive bonding: bobtex process Core spinning Doubling principles Down twisting Two-for-one twisting Economic considerations Yarn structure and properties Yarn structure Surface characteristics and geometry Fiber migration and helix model of yarn structures Formation of spun yarn structure Conventional ring-spun yarns Formation of spun yarn structures Conventional ring-spun yarns Mechanism of fiber migration Compact ring-spun yarns Formation of rotor yarn structure Cyclic aggregation Theory of spun-in fibers in yarns Formation of friction-spun yarn structures Formation of wrap-spun yarn structures Cyclic aggregation Theory of spun-in fibers in yarns Formation of friction-spun yarn structures Formation of wrap-spun yarn structures Air-jet spun yarns Hollow-spindle wrap-spun yarn Structures property relation of yarns Compression Flexural rigidity Tensile properties Effect of twist Effect of fiber properties and material Preparation Fiber blends Effect of spinning machine variables Irregularity parameters Effect of fiber properties and material Preparation Effect of spinning machine variables Yarn ideal blend Hairiness profile Moisture transport Friction Quality criteria Post-process performance criteria Knitting Weaving Fabric quality Chapter-7 The principles of package winding Basic principles Winding parameters Types of winding machines Drum-winding machines Wing cam Grooved drum Patterning/ribboning Sloughing-off Anti-patterning devices Variation of traverse frequency, N Variation of drum speed N Lifting of bobbin to reduce N Rock-and-roll method Precision winding machines Advantages and disadvantages of the two methods Of winding Combinational methods for pattern-free winding Stepped precision winding Ribbon free random winding Random-wound cones Package surface speed Abrasion at the nose of cones Traverse motions Precision open-wound and close-wound pacjages Theory of close-wound packages Patterning or ribboning Hard edges Cob webbing Twist displacement Yarn tensioning and tension control Characteristics of yarn tensioning devices Yarn clearing Knotting and splicing Knotting Splicing Yarn waxing References Chapter-8 Yarn tensions and balloon geometry in ring spinning and Winding Introduction Circularly polarized standing waves Yarn tensions in ring spinning Yarn formation zone Winding zone Yarn tensions in the absence of air drag Balloon zone Balloon tension in the absence of air drag The effect of air drag on yarn tensions Balloon profiles in the absence of air drag The balloon profile in the presence of air drag Determination of ring spinning balloon profiles based on Sinusoidal waveforms Effect of balloon control rings Tensions and balloon control rings Tensions and balloon profiles in the winding process Yarn tensions during unwinding from a ring-spinning Package Unwinding balloon profiles References Chapter-9 Fancy yarn production Classification of fancy yarns Basic principles Production methods Plying techniques for the production of fancy yarns The profile twisting stages The binding stages The plied chenille profile Spinning techniques for the production of fancy yarns Design and construction of the basic profiles Spiral Gimp Loop Snarl Knop Cover Slub Chenille Combination of profiles Analysis of fancy yarns References
YARN MANUFACTURING
Chapter-4 Carding theory
Opening of fiber mass
Feed-roller, feed-plate systems
Feed-roller systems
Carding actions
Cylinder –flat action
Swift-worker-stripper action
Web formation and fiber configuration
Cylinder-doffer action
Fiber configuration and mechanism of fiber
Transfer
Effect of machine variables on fiber configuration
Recycling layer and transfer coefficient
Factors that determine the transfer coefficient, k
The importance of the recycling layer
Blending-leveling action
Evening actions of a card
Step change in feed
General or random irregularities
Periodic irregularities
Fiber breakage
Mechanism of fiber breakage
State of fiber mass and fiber characteristics
Effect residual crease and added lubrication
Effect of machine parameters
Tooth geometry
Roller surface speed/setting/production rate
The taker-in zone
Effect of cylinder-flats and swift-worker
Interaction
Chapter-5 materials preparation stage III
Drawing
Principles of doubling
Principles of roller drafting
Ideal drafting
Actual drafting
Effect of input material characteristics
Drafting wave
Observations of floating fiber Motion
Drafting force
Factors influencing drafting wave irregularity
Size of draft
Input count
Doubling
Fiber straightness, parallelism, fineness
And length
Roller settings
Effect of machine defects
Toller eccentricity
Roller slip
The drawing operations
The draw frame
The gill box
Production equation
Combing
The principles of rectilinear combing
Nesmith comb
The cylinder comb
The feed roller/top and bottom
Nipper plates/ top comb
Detaching rollers and delivery rollers
The combing cycle
French comb
Degrees of combing
Factors affecting noil extraction
Comber settings
Preparation of input sliver
Conversion of two to sliver
Cutting converters
Stretch-breaking converters
Roving production
The speed-frame
Rub rovers
Environmental processing conditions
References
Chapter-6 Yarn formation structure and properties
Spinning systems
Ring and traveler spinning systems
Conventional ring spinning
Spinning tensions
Twist insertion and bobbin winding
Spinning end breaks
Compact spinning and sols spinning
Spun-plied spinning
Key points
Advantages
Disadvantages
Open-end spinning systems
OE-end spinning systems
OE rotor spinning
Twist insertion
End breaks during spinning
OE friction spinning
Self-twist spinning systems
Wrap-twist spinning system
Wrap spinning systems
Surface fiber wrapping
Dref-3 friction spinning
Air-jet spinning
Single-and twin-jet systems: murata
Vortex, murata twin spinner, suessen
Plyfil
Filament wrapping
Twistless spinning systems
Continuous felting: periloc process
Adhesive bonding: bobtex process
Core spinning
Doubling principles
Down twisting
Two-for-one twisting
Economic considerations
Yarn structure and properties
Yarn structure
Surface characteristics and geometry
Fiber migration and helix model of yarn structures
Formation of spun yarn structure
Conventional ring-spun yarns
Formation of spun yarn structures
Mechanism of fiber migration
Compact ring-spun yarns
Formation of rotor yarn structure
Cyclic aggregation
Theory of spun-in fibers in yarns
Formation of friction-spun yarn structures
Formation of wrap-spun yarn structures
Air-jet spun yarns
Hollow-spindle wrap-spun yarn
Structures property relation of yarns
Compression
Flexural rigidity
Tensile properties
Effect of twist
Effect of fiber properties and material
Preparation
Fiber blends
Effect of spinning machine variables
Irregularity parameters
Yarn ideal blend
Hairiness profile
Moisture transport
Friction
Quality criteria
Post-process performance criteria
Knitting
Weaving
Fabric quality
Chapter-7 The principles of package winding
Basic principles
Winding parameters
Types of winding machines
Drum-winding machines
Wing cam
Grooved drum
Patterning/ribboning
Sloughing-off
Anti-patterning devices
Variation of traverse frequency, N
Variation of drum speed N
Lifting of bobbin to reduce N
Rock-and-roll method
Precision winding machines
Advantages and disadvantages of the two methods
Of winding
Combinational methods for pattern-free winding
Stepped precision winding
Ribbon free random winding
Random-wound cones
Package surface speed
Abrasion at the nose of cones
Traverse motions
Precision open-wound and close-wound pacjages
Theory of close-wound packages
Patterning or ribboning
Hard edges
Cob webbing
Twist displacement
Yarn tensioning and tension control
Characteristics of yarn tensioning devices
Yarn clearing
Knotting and splicing
Knotting
Splicing
Yarn waxing
Chapter-8 Yarn tensions and balloon geometry in ring spinning and
Winding
Introduction
Circularly polarized standing waves
Yarn tensions in ring spinning
Yarn formation zone
Winding zone
Yarn tensions in the absence of air drag
Balloon zone
Balloon tension in the absence of air drag
The effect of air drag on yarn tensions
Balloon profiles in the absence of air drag
The balloon profile in the presence of air drag
Determination of ring spinning balloon profiles based on
Sinusoidal waveforms
Effect of balloon control rings
Tensions and balloon control rings
Tensions and balloon profiles in the winding process
Yarn tensions during unwinding from a ring-spinning
Package
Unwinding balloon profiles
Chapter-9 Fancy yarn production
Classification of fancy yarns
Production methods
Plying techniques for the production of fancy yarns
The profile twisting stages
The binding stages
The plied chenille profile
Spinning techniques for the production of fancy yarns
Design and construction of the basic profiles
Spiral
Gimp
Loop
Snarl
Knop
Cover
Slub
Chenille
Combination of profiles
Analysis of fancy yarns
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