TEXTILE TESTING AND QUALITY Contents 1 Introduction Reasons for textile testing Checking raw materials Monitoring production Assessing the final product Investigation of faulty material Product development and research Standardization of testing Variation in the material Variation caused by the test method Sampling Terms used in sampling Fibre sampling from bulk Fibre sampling from combed slivers, rovings and yarn Yarn sampling Fabric sampling Measurement Statistical terms Determination of number of tests Use of computers Types of error Sources of error Repeatability and reproducibility Significant reading References 2 Textiles and moisture Introduction Effect of moisture on physical properties Dimensional Mechanical Electrical Atmospheric moisture Vapour pressure Relative humidity Standard atmosphere Measurement of atmospheric moisture Regain and moisture content Regain-humidity relations of textiles Factors affecting the regain Methods of measuring regain Correct invoice weight Control of testing room atmosphere References 3 Fibre dimensions Fibre fineness Fineness measurement Gravimetric Fibre fineness by projection microscope Fibre fineness by the airflow method Cotton fineness by airflow Cotton maturity IIC/Shirley fineness and maturity tester Optical fibre diameter analyser Light-scattering methods Vibration method Wool quality Fibre length Mean length Methods of measurement: direct methods WIRA fibre length machine Methods of measurement: tuft methods Cotton grading Comb sorter The clamped tuft method Fibro graph WIRA fibre diagram machine Almeter High-volume instruments General reading References 4 Yarn tests Linear density Direct system Indirect system Folded yarns Measuring linear density Linear density from a fabric sample Twist Level of twist Measuring twist Yarn evenness Visual examination Cut and weigh methods Uster evenness tester Zweigle G565 Hairiness Shirley yarn hairiness tester Zweigle G565 Uster tester 3 hairiness tester Zweigle G565 Uster tester 3 hairiness meter attachment Yarn bulk Textured filament yarns Friction coil friction Measuring yarn friction References 5. Strength and elongation tests Introduction Definitions Units Breaking strength; tensile strength Stress Specific stress Tenacity Breaking length Elongation Strain Extension percentage Gauge length Force elongation curve Yield point Modulus Work of rupture Time dependence Elastic recovery Factors affecting tensile testing Type of testing machine Specimen length Rate of loading and time to break Effect of humidity and temperature Previous history of the specimen Clamping problems Fibre strength Single fibre strength Bundle strength Yarn strength Yarn strength: single strand method Yarn strength : skein method Fabric strength Strip strength Grab test Tear tests Measuring tearing strength Single rip tear test Wing rip tear test Elmendorf tear tester Bursting strength Diaphragm bursting test Ball bursting strength Stretch and recovery properties Seam strength Seam slippage Seam slippage tests Fixed load method Upholstery seam slippage General reading References 6 Dimensional stability Introduction Hygral expansion Relaxation shrinkage Swelling shrinkage Felting shrinkage Weft knitted wool fabrics Methods of measuring dimensional stability Marking out samples WIRA steaming cylinder Relaxation shrinkage Washable wool Washable programmes Dimensional stability to dry cleaning Dimensional stability to dry heat General reading References 7 Serviceability Introduction Snagging Mace snagging test Pilling Pilling tests Abrasion resistance Factors affecting abrasion resistance Abrasion tests Wearer trials Advantages of wearer trials Advantages of laboratory tests Disadvantages of laboratory tests Design of trials References 8 Comfort Introduction Thermal comfort Heat balance Heat loss Air permeability Measurement of thermal conductivity Measurement of water vapour permeability Moisture transport Wetting Wicking Longitudinal wicking Wicking test Transverse wicking Sensorial comfort Water absorption Static immersion Wettability of textile fabrics Sinking time Water repellency Spray rating Bundesmann water repellency test WIRA shower test Credit rain simulation tester Hydrostatic head References 9 Colour fastness testing Introduction Sample preparation Outline of colour fastness tests Colour fastness to other agents References 10 Objective evaluation of fabric handle Handle Bending length Shirley stiffness test Hanging loop method Drape Crease recovery Fabric thickness Shear Bias extension Formability Fabric friction Kawabata system Subjective assessment of fabric handle Objective evaluation of fabric handle FAST: fabric assurance by simple testing Compression Bending length Extensibility Dimensional stability General reading References 11 Quality Definitions of quality Types of quality Quality control Quality assurance ISO 9000 Enquiries and orders Purchased material or services Inspection and testing Calibration of test equipment Organizational structure Quality audit Training Textile product iabelling Fibre content Flammability iabels Origin markings Care iabelling References
TEXTILE TESTING AND QUALITY
Contents
1 Introduction
Reasons for textile testing
Checking raw materials
Monitoring production
Assessing the final product
Investigation of faulty material
Product development and research
Standardization of testing
Variation in the material
Variation caused by the test method
Sampling
Terms used in sampling
Fibre sampling from bulk
Fibre sampling from combed slivers, rovings and yarn
Yarn sampling
Fabric sampling
Measurement
Statistical terms
Determination of number of tests
Use of computers
Types of error
Sources of error
Repeatability and reproducibility
Significant reading
References
2 Textiles and moisture
Introduction
Effect of moisture on physical properties
Dimensional
Mechanical
Electrical
Atmospheric moisture
Vapour pressure
Relative humidity
Standard atmosphere
Measurement of atmospheric moisture
Regain and moisture content
Regain-humidity relations of textiles
Factors affecting the regain
Methods of measuring regain
Correct invoice weight
Control of testing room atmosphere
3 Fibre dimensions
Fibre fineness
Fineness measurement
Gravimetric
Fibre fineness by projection microscope
Fibre fineness by the airflow method
Cotton fineness by airflow
Cotton maturity
IIC/Shirley fineness and maturity tester
Optical fibre diameter analyser
Light-scattering methods
Vibration method
Wool quality
Fibre length
Mean length
Methods of measurement: direct methods
WIRA fibre length machine
Methods of measurement: tuft methods
Cotton grading
Comb sorter
The clamped tuft method
Fibro graph
WIRA fibre diagram machine
Almeter
High-volume instruments
General reading
4 Yarn tests
Linear density
Direct system
Indirect system
Folded yarns
Measuring linear density
Linear density from a fabric sample
Twist
Level of twist
Measuring twist
Yarn evenness
Visual examination
Cut and weigh methods
Uster evenness tester
Zweigle G565
Hairiness
Shirley yarn hairiness tester
Uster tester 3 hairiness tester
Uster tester 3 hairiness meter attachment
Yarn bulk
Textured filament yarns
Friction coil friction
Measuring yarn friction
5. Strength and elongation tests
Definitions
Units
Breaking strength; tensile strength
Stress
Specific stress
Tenacity
Breaking length
Elongation
Strain
Extension percentage
Gauge length
Force elongation curve
Yield point
Modulus
Work of rupture
Time dependence
Elastic recovery
Factors affecting tensile testing
Type of testing machine
Specimen length
Rate of loading and time to break
Effect of humidity and temperature
Previous history of the specimen
Clamping problems
Fibre strength
Single fibre strength
Bundle strength
Yarn strength
Yarn strength: single strand method
Yarn strength : skein method
Fabric strength
Strip strength
Grab test
Tear tests
Measuring tearing strength
Single rip tear test
Wing rip tear test
Elmendorf tear tester
Bursting strength
Diaphragm bursting test
Ball bursting strength
Stretch and recovery properties
Seam strength
Seam slippage
Seam slippage tests
Fixed load method
Upholstery seam slippage
6 Dimensional stability
Hygral expansion
Relaxation shrinkage
Swelling shrinkage
Felting shrinkage
Weft knitted wool fabrics
Methods of measuring dimensional stability
Marking out samples
WIRA steaming cylinder
Washable wool
Washable programmes
Dimensional stability to dry cleaning
Dimensional stability to dry heat
7 Serviceability
Snagging
Mace snagging test
Pilling
Pilling tests
Abrasion resistance
Factors affecting abrasion resistance
Abrasion tests
Wearer trials
Advantages of wearer trials
Advantages of laboratory tests
Disadvantages of laboratory tests
Design of trials
8 Comfort
Thermal comfort
Heat balance
Heat loss
Air permeability
Measurement of thermal conductivity
Measurement of water vapour permeability
Moisture transport
Wetting
Wicking
Longitudinal wicking
Wicking test
Transverse wicking
Sensorial comfort
Water absorption
Static immersion
Wettability of textile fabrics
Sinking time
Water repellency
Spray rating
Bundesmann water repellency test
WIRA shower test
Credit rain simulation tester
Hydrostatic head
9 Colour fastness testing
Sample preparation
Outline of colour fastness tests
Colour fastness to other agents
10 Objective evaluation of fabric handle
Handle
Bending length
Shirley stiffness test
Hanging loop method
Drape
Crease recovery
Fabric thickness
Shear
Bias extension
Formability
Fabric friction
Kawabata system
Subjective assessment of fabric handle
Objective evaluation of fabric handle
FAST: fabric assurance by simple testing
Compression
Extensibility
Dimensional stability
11 Quality
Definitions of quality
Types of quality
Quality control
Quality assurance
ISO 9000
Enquiries and orders
Purchased material or services
Inspection and testing
Calibration of test equipment
Organizational structure
Quality audit
Training
Textile product iabelling
Fibre content
Flammability iabels
Origin markings
Care iabelling
Leave us your details we will revert you as soon as possible.
Copyright © 2014 - All Rights Reserved - nimtweb.org Google
Powered by Nasbar Infotech