DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES & BRIDGES Part 1 General 1 Introduction History of bridges Bridge types and design process Loads and load factors Current development of analysis and design of bridges Outlook on analysis and design of bridges 2 Approximate and refined analysis methods Introduction Various bridge structural forms Beam deck type Slab deck type Beam-slab deck type Cellular deck type Approximate analysis methods Plane frame analysis method Refined analysis methods Grillage analogy method Orthotropic plate method Articulated plate method Finite strip method Finite element method Live load influence surface Different types of bridges with Their selected mathematical modeling Beam bridge and rigid frame bridge Slab bridge Beam-slab bridge Cellular box girder bridge Curved bridge Truss bridge Arch bridge Cable-stayed bridge Suspension bridge 3 Numerical methods in bridge structure analysis Introduction Finite element method Basic Geometric and elastic equations Displacement functions of an element Strain energy and principles of minimum Potential energy and virtual works Displacement relationship processing When assembling global stiffness matrix Nonlinearities Frame element Elastic stability Applications in bridge analysis Automatic time incremental creep analysis method Incremental equilibrium equation In creep and shrinkage analysis Calculation of equivalent loads due to Incremental creep and shrinkage Automatic-determining time step A simple example of creep analysis Influence line/surface live loading method Dynamic planning method and its Application in searching extreme live loads Transverse live loading Influence surface loading PART II 4 Reinforced concrete bridges Introduction Concrete and steel material properties Unconfined and confined concrete Reinforcing steel FRC and FRP Inverse analysis method Behavior of no skewed /skewed Concrete beam-slab bridges Principle and modeling of concrete beam-slab bridges Linear elastic modeling Nonlinear modeling Cracking and retention of shear stiffness FRC/FRP modeling 2D and 3D illustrated examples: three-span Continuous skewed concrete slab bridges 2D and 3D illustrated examples: RCT-beam brifge 3D illustrated examples: skewed simple-span Transversely post-tensioned adjacent precast-concrete Slab bridges-knoxville bridge,Frederick, Maryland 5 Prestressed/post-tensioned concrete bridges Prestressing basics Principle and modeling of prestressing Tendon modeled as applied loading Tendon modeled as load-resisting elements 2D and 3D modeling 2D illustrated example of prototype prestressed/ Post –tensioned concrete bridge in the united states 3D illustrated bridge-verzasca 2bridge, Switzerland Visual bridge design system Verzasca 2 bridge models Model 1: continuous girder With constant cross section Model 2: continuous girder With skew supports Model 3: one girder built In a single stage Model 4: girder built with Actual construction stages Model 5: three girders Skew supported Verzasca 2 bridge analysis results Model 1 :continuous girder With constant cross section Model 2 : continuous girder With skew supports Model 3 one girder built In a single stage Model 4 : girder built with Actual construction stage Mode 5: three girders Skew supported 3D illustrated examples of US23043 precast Prestressed concrete beam bridge-maryland US23043 bridge models Model 1: slab modeled With plate element Model 2 : slab modeled With beam element Bridge analysis results Model slab modeled With beam elements Illustrated box-girder bridge Illustrated example of long-span concrete cantilever Bridges-jiangsu,people’s republic of china The continuous rigid frame of souting bridge Approach spans Results of webs’bent-down tendons Results of two approacbes on deflections 6 curved concrete bridges Basic of curved concrete bridges Introduction Stresses of curved concrete box under torsion Equations for multiple cells Equilibrium equations Compatibility equations Constitutive laws of materials Construction geometry control Principle and modeling of curved concrete bridges Modeling of curved concrete bridges Modeling of material properties Modeling of live loads Modeling of lateral restraint and movement Spine model illustrated examples of pengpo Interchange, henan,people ‘s republic of china Grillage model illustrated examples FHWA bridge 3D finite element model illustrated Examples-NCHRP case study bridge 7 Straight and curved steel I-girder bridges Behavior of steel I-girder bridges Composite bridge sections under Different load levels Various stress effects Section property in the grid Modeling considerations Principle and modeling of steel I-girder bridges Analysis methods Modeling in specific regions Live load application Girder-substringer systems Steel I-gider during construction 2D and 3D illustrated examples of a haunched steel I-girder bridge-MD140 bridge,Maryland 2D and 3D illustrated example of a skewed and Kinked steel I-girder bridge with straddle bent 2D and 3D illustrated example of a global And local modeling of a simple-span steel I-girder bridge-I-270 middlebrook road Bridge,Germantown ,Maryland 8 Straight and curved steel box girder bridges Behavior of steel box girder bridges Bending effects Longitudinal bending Bending distortion Torsional effects Mixed torsion Torsional distortion Plate behavior and design Principle and modeling of steel box girder bridges 2D and 3D finite element method Consideration of modeling Steel box girder bridges Design considerations Construction Description of the noncomposite Bridge models 2D and 3D illustrated examples of a curved box girder Bridge-metro bridge over 1495 washinton DC Curved box shell model Curved box beam model 2D and 3D illustrated examples of three Span curved box girder bridge-estero Parkway bridge,lee country ,florida 9 Arch bridges Introduction Classifications of arch bridges Construction of arch bridges Lupu bridge,people’s republic of china Foundations Arch ribs Deck girders Yajisha bridge,people’s republic of china Cross section of the main arch Vertical rotation Horizontal rotation Principle and analysis of arch bridges Perfect arch axis of an arch bridge Fatigue analysis and affecting factors Positions of hangers Distance between side Hanger and arch springing Measuring of hanger-cable force Modeling of arch bridges Arches Deck Hangers Stability 3D illustrated example of construction analysis Yajisha bridge,Guangzhou ,people’s republic Of cina 3D illustrated example of proposed tied-arch Bridge analysis-linyi ,people’s republic of china 3D illustrated example of an arch bridge Liujiang yellow river bridge,zbengzhou People‘s republic of china 10 Steel truss bridges Introduction Behavior of steel truss bridges Simple and continuous truss bridges Cantilevered truss bridges Principle and modeling of steel truss bridges 3D illustrated example-pedestrian pony truss bridge 2D illustrated example-tydings bridges,Maryland Thermal analysis 3D illustrated examples shang xin bridge Zhejiang ,people’s republic of china 11 Cable-stayed bridges Basic of cable-stayed bridges Behavior of cable-stayed bridges Weakness of cable supports Ideal state Desired state Anchor of pylons Backward and forward analyses Geometric nonlinearity-P-delta effect Geometric nonlinearity –cable sag effect Geometric nonlinearity Large displacements Stability Dynamic behavior Construction control Observation errors Measurement of cable forces Construction errors General procedures of construction control Principle and modeling of cable-stayed bridges Main girders Pylons Connections between girder and pylon Cables Illustrated example of sutong bridge Jiangsu,people’s republic of china Illustrated example with dynamic mode Analysis of panyu bridge ,Guangdong ,people’s Republic of china Illustrated example with dynamic mode Analysis of long cables with crossties 12 Suspensions bridges Basic of suspension bridges Construction of suspension bridges Construction of pylons and anchorages And install catwalk system Erection of main cables Erection of stiffened girder Behavior of suspension bridges Basic of cable structures-initial Stress and large displacements Basics of suspension bridges analysis Live load analysis of a suspension bridge Determination of the initial Configuration of a suspension bridge Consideration of a cable tangent changes Offset of saddles and release Of the deflection of pylons Low initial stress stiffness of the main cable close to pylons low initial stress stiffness of the main cable close to pylon principle and modeling of suspension bridges main cables hangers stiffened girder pylons saddles 3D illustrated examples of Chesapeake Bay suspension bridge, Maryland PART III Special topics of bridges 13 strut-and-tie modeling Principle of strut-and-tie model Development of STM Design methodology Struts Ties Nodes Hand-calculation example of STM Hammerhead pier no.49 of Thomas Jefferson bridge,Maryland Data Determination of member forces Design of the tie Design of the strut Representative pile-supported footing Check the capacity of the ties Check the capacity of struts Check nodal zone stress limits Check the detaling for the Anchorage of the ties 2D illustrated example 1-abutment on pile General properties 2D illustrated example-2—walled pier 2D illustrated example 3-crane beam 2D/3D illustrated example 4-hammerhead Pier of Thomas Jefferson bridge 2D illustrated example 5—integral bent cap Alternate compatibility STM and 2D illustrated Example6—cracked deep bent cap 14 Stability Basic of structural stability Buckling Linear buckling of a steel plate Formulation of plate buckling Solving plate and box Girder bucking problems Linear bucking of steel members Buckling of steel structure Members Buckling analysis of a pony Truss by Timoshenko’s method Case study of pony truss by Timoshenko’s method FEM approach of stability analysis 3D illustrated example with linear buckling analysis Of a pony truss,pennsylvnia 3D illustrated example with linear bucking analysis Of a standard simple arch rib 3D illustrated example with linear bucking analysis Of a proposed tied-arch bridge-linyi People’s republic of china 3D illustrated example with nonlinear Stability analysis of a cable-stayed bridge Jiangsu ,people’s republic of china 15 Redundancy analysis Basic of bridge redundancy Principle and modeling of bridge redundancy Analysis Analysis cases Finite element modeling 3D example with redundancy analysis Of a pony truss Pennsylvania Loadings cases Results Extreme event III Extreme event IV 3d redundancy analysis under blast loading Of a PC beam bridge Maryland Bridge model Attack scenarios Analyze structural response 3D analysis under blast loading of a Steel plate girder bridge,Maryland Bridge model Attack scenarios Analyze structural response 16 Integral bridges Basic of integral bridges Introduction Types of integral aboutment Principle and analysis of IABs Force analysis Modeling of IABs Equivalent cantilever finite element model Soil spring finite element model Soil spring and p-y curve Soil behind the aboutment Soil around piles Soil continuum finite element model Illustrated example of a steel girder bridge In soil spring finite elemnt model Structure Soil Illustrated example of a steel girder bridge in 3D soil continuum finite element model 17 Dynamic/earthquake asnalysis Basics of dynamic analysis Principle of bridge dynamic analysis Vehicle-bridge interaction Pedestrian bridge vibrations Bridge earthquake analysis Linear and nonlinear Seismic analysis Nonlinear time-history analysis Blast loading analysis Wind analysis Modeling of bridge for dynamic analysis Linear elastic dynamic analysis Soil stiffness Nonlinear analysis Nonlinear static –standard Pushbover analysis 3D illustrated example of earthquake analysis by SPA,MPA,and NL-THA-FHWA bridge no.4 Foundation stiffness Finite element model and analyses 3D illustrated example of earthquake analysis by SPA,MPA,and NL-THA-FHWA bridge no.4 Foundation stiffness 3D illustrated example of a high-pier bridge Subjected to incidence seismic waves Pingtang bridge,people’s republic of china 18 Bridge geometry Introduction Roadway curves Types of horizontal curves Types of vertical curves Types of transverse curves Superelevation and superwidening Bridge curves Curve calculations Bridge mainline curve model Roadway transverse curve model Roadway transverse curves Spiral calculation Vertical parabola calculation Curve and surface tessellation Bridge deck point calculations Precast segmental bridge geometry control Basic Long-line casting and Short-line casting Final curve and theoretical Casting curves Casting segment and Match cast segment Casting and matching Control points and transformation Procedures of casting and control Error finding and correction Evolution of geometry control In precast segmental bridge Geometry transformation Direction consines Direction conines matrix of A local coordinate bsystem Transformation between Two coordinate system Deflection of the casting System in global system An example of short-line match Casting geometry control Trend of bridge computer modeling and visualization References
DESIGN OF INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURES & BRIDGES
Part 1
General
1 Introduction
History of bridges
Bridge types and design process
Loads and load factors
Current development of analysis and design of bridges
Outlook on analysis and design of bridges
2 Approximate and refined analysis methods
Introduction
Various bridge structural forms
Beam deck type
Slab deck type
Beam-slab deck type
Cellular deck type
Approximate analysis methods
Plane frame analysis method
Refined analysis methods
Grillage analogy method
Orthotropic plate method
Articulated plate method
Finite strip method
Finite element method
Live load influence surface
Different types of bridges with
Their selected mathematical modeling
Beam bridge and rigid frame bridge
Slab bridge
Beam-slab bridge
Cellular box girder bridge
Curved bridge
Truss bridge
Arch bridge
Cable-stayed bridge
Suspension bridge
3 Numerical methods in bridge structure analysis
Basic
Geometric and elastic equations
Displacement functions of an element
Strain energy and principles of minimum
Potential energy and virtual works
Displacement relationship processing
When assembling global stiffness matrix
Nonlinearities
Frame element
Elastic stability
Applications in bridge analysis
Automatic time incremental creep analysis method
Incremental equilibrium equation
In creep and shrinkage analysis
Calculation of equivalent loads due to
Incremental creep and shrinkage
Automatic-determining time step
A simple example of creep analysis
Influence line/surface live loading method
Dynamic planning method and its
Application in searching extreme live loads
Transverse live loading
Influence surface loading
PART II
4 Reinforced concrete bridges
Concrete and steel material properties
Unconfined and confined concrete
Reinforcing steel
FRC and FRP
Inverse analysis method
Behavior of no skewed /skewed
Concrete beam-slab bridges
Principle and modeling of concrete beam-slab bridges
Linear elastic modeling
Nonlinear modeling
Cracking and retention of shear stiffness
FRC/FRP modeling
2D and 3D illustrated examples: three-span
Continuous skewed concrete slab bridges
2D and 3D illustrated examples: RCT-beam brifge
3D illustrated examples: skewed simple-span
Transversely post-tensioned adjacent precast-concrete
Slab bridges-knoxville bridge,Frederick, Maryland
5 Prestressed/post-tensioned concrete bridges
Prestressing basics
Principle and modeling of prestressing
Tendon modeled as applied loading
Tendon modeled as load-resisting elements
2D and 3D modeling
2D illustrated example of prototype prestressed/
Post –tensioned concrete bridge in the united states
3D illustrated bridge-verzasca 2bridge, Switzerland
Visual bridge design system
Verzasca 2 bridge models
Model 1: continuous girder
With constant cross section
Model 2: continuous girder
With skew supports
Model 3: one girder built
In a single stage
Model 4: girder built with
Actual construction stages
Model 5: three girders
Skew supported
Verzasca 2 bridge analysis results
Model 1 :continuous girder
Model 2 : continuous girder
Model 3 one girder built
Model 4 : girder built with
Actual construction stage
Mode 5: three girders
3D illustrated examples of US23043 precast
Prestressed concrete beam bridge-maryland
US23043 bridge models
Model 1: slab modeled
With plate element
Model 2 : slab modeled
With beam element
Bridge analysis results
Model slab modeled
With beam elements
Illustrated box-girder bridge
Illustrated example of long-span concrete cantilever
Bridges-jiangsu,people’s republic of china
The continuous rigid frame of souting bridge
Approach spans
Results of webs’bent-down tendons
Results of two approacbes on deflections
6 curved concrete bridges
Basic of curved concrete bridges
Stresses of curved concrete box under torsion
Equations for multiple cells
Equilibrium equations
Compatibility equations
Constitutive laws of materials
Construction geometry control
Principle and modeling of curved concrete bridges
Modeling of curved concrete bridges
Modeling of material properties
Modeling of live loads
Modeling of lateral restraint and movement
Spine model illustrated examples of pengpo
Interchange, henan,people ‘s republic of china
Grillage model illustrated examples
FHWA bridge
3D finite element model illustrated
Examples-NCHRP case study bridge
7 Straight and curved steel I-girder bridges
Behavior of steel I-girder bridges
Composite bridge sections under
Different load levels
Various stress effects
Section property in the grid
Modeling considerations
Principle and modeling of steel I-girder bridges
Analysis methods
Modeling in specific regions
Live load application
Girder-substringer systems
Steel I-gider during construction
2D and 3D illustrated examples of a haunched steel
I-girder bridge-MD140 bridge,Maryland
2D and 3D illustrated example of a skewed and
Kinked steel I-girder bridge with straddle bent
2D and 3D illustrated example of a global
And local modeling of a simple-span steel
I-girder bridge-I-270 middlebrook road
Bridge,Germantown ,Maryland
8 Straight and curved steel box girder bridges
Behavior of steel box girder bridges
Bending effects
Longitudinal bending
Bending distortion
Torsional effects
Mixed torsion
Torsional distortion
Plate behavior and design
Principle and modeling of steel box girder bridges
2D and 3D finite element method
Consideration of modeling
Steel box girder bridges
Design considerations
Construction
Description of the noncomposite
Bridge models
2D and 3D illustrated examples of a curved box girder
Bridge-metro bridge over 1495 washinton DC
Curved box shell model
Curved box beam model
2D and 3D illustrated examples of three
Span curved box girder bridge-estero
Parkway bridge,lee country ,florida
9 Arch bridges
Classifications of arch bridges
Construction of arch bridges
Lupu bridge,people’s republic of china
Foundations
Arch ribs
Deck girders
Yajisha bridge,people’s republic of china
Cross section of the main arch
Vertical rotation
Horizontal rotation
Principle and analysis of arch bridges
Perfect arch axis of an arch bridge
Fatigue analysis and affecting factors
Positions of hangers
Distance between side
Hanger and arch springing
Measuring of hanger-cable force
Modeling of arch bridges
Arches
Deck
Hangers
Stability
3D illustrated example of construction analysis
Yajisha bridge,Guangzhou ,people’s republic
Of cina
3D illustrated example of proposed tied-arch
Bridge analysis-linyi ,people’s republic of china
3D illustrated example of an arch bridge
Liujiang yellow river bridge,zbengzhou
People‘s republic of china
10 Steel truss bridges
Behavior of steel truss bridges
Simple and continuous truss bridges
Cantilevered truss bridges
Principle and modeling of steel truss bridges
3D illustrated example-pedestrian pony truss bridge
2D illustrated example-tydings bridges,Maryland
Thermal analysis
3D illustrated examples shang xin bridge
Zhejiang ,people’s republic of china
11 Cable-stayed bridges
Basic of cable-stayed bridges
Behavior of cable-stayed bridges
Weakness of cable supports
Ideal state
Desired state
Anchor of pylons
Backward and forward analyses
Geometric nonlinearity-P-delta effect
Geometric nonlinearity –cable sag effect
Geometric nonlinearity
Large displacements
Dynamic behavior
Construction control
Observation errors
Measurement of cable forces
Construction errors
General procedures of construction control
Principle and modeling of cable-stayed bridges
Main girders
Pylons
Connections between girder and pylon
Cables
Illustrated example of sutong bridge
Jiangsu,people’s republic of china
Illustrated example with dynamic mode
Analysis of panyu bridge ,Guangdong ,people’s
Republic of china
Analysis of long cables with crossties
12 Suspensions bridges
Basic of suspension bridges
Construction of suspension bridges
Construction of pylons and anchorages
And install catwalk system
Erection of main cables
Erection of stiffened girder
Behavior of suspension bridges
Basic of cable structures-initial
Stress and large displacements
Basics of suspension bridges analysis
Live load analysis of a suspension bridge
Determination of the initial
Configuration of a suspension bridge
Consideration of a cable tangent changes
Offset of saddles and release
Of the deflection of pylons
Low initial stress stiffness of the
main cable close to pylons
low initial stress stiffness of the
main cable close to pylon
principle and modeling of suspension bridges
main cables
hangers
stiffened girder
pylons
saddles
3D illustrated examples of Chesapeake
Bay suspension bridge, Maryland
PART III
Special topics of bridges
13 strut-and-tie modeling
Principle of strut-and-tie model
Development of STM
Design methodology
Struts
Ties
Nodes
Hand-calculation example of STM
Hammerhead pier no.49 of Thomas
Jefferson bridge,Maryland
Data
Determination of member forces
Design of the tie
Design of the strut
Representative pile-supported footing
Check the capacity of the ties
Check the capacity of struts
Check nodal zone stress limits
Check the detaling for the
Anchorage of the ties
2D illustrated example 1-abutment on pile
General properties
2D illustrated example-2—walled pier
2D illustrated example 3-crane beam
2D/3D illustrated example 4-hammerhead
Pier of Thomas Jefferson bridge
2D illustrated example 5—integral bent cap
Alternate compatibility STM and 2D illustrated
Example6—cracked deep bent cap
14 Stability
Basic of structural stability
Buckling
Linear buckling of a steel plate
Formulation of plate buckling
Solving plate and box
Girder bucking problems
Linear bucking of steel members
Buckling of steel structure
Members
Buckling analysis of a pony
Truss by Timoshenko’s method
Case study of pony truss by
Timoshenko’s method
FEM approach of stability analysis
3D illustrated example with linear buckling analysis
Of a pony truss,pennsylvnia
3D illustrated example with linear bucking analysis
Of a standard simple arch rib
Of a proposed tied-arch bridge-linyi
People’s republic of china
3D illustrated example with nonlinear
Stability analysis of a cable-stayed bridge
Jiangsu ,people’s republic of china
15 Redundancy analysis
Basic of bridge redundancy
Principle and modeling of bridge redundancy
Analysis
Analysis cases
Finite element modeling
3D example with redundancy analysis
Of a pony truss Pennsylvania
Loadings cases
Results
Extreme event III
Extreme event IV
3d redundancy analysis under blast loading
Of a PC beam bridge Maryland
Bridge model
Attack scenarios
Analyze structural response
3D analysis under blast loading of a
Steel plate girder bridge,Maryland
16 Integral bridges
Basic of integral bridges
Types of integral aboutment
Principle and analysis of IABs
Force analysis
Modeling of IABs
Equivalent cantilever finite element model
Soil spring finite element model
Soil spring and p-y curve
Soil behind the aboutment
Soil around piles
Soil continuum finite element model
Illustrated example of a steel girder bridge
In soil spring finite elemnt model
Structure
Soil
Illustrated example of a steel girder bridge in
3D soil continuum finite element model
17 Dynamic/earthquake asnalysis
Basics of dynamic analysis
Principle of bridge dynamic analysis
Vehicle-bridge interaction
Pedestrian bridge vibrations
Bridge earthquake analysis
Linear and nonlinear
Seismic analysis
Nonlinear time-history analysis
Blast loading analysis
Wind analysis
Modeling of bridge for dynamic analysis
Linear elastic dynamic analysis
Soil stiffness
Nonlinear analysis
Nonlinear static –standard
Pushbover analysis
3D illustrated example of earthquake analysis by
SPA,MPA,and NL-THA-FHWA bridge no.4
Foundation stiffness
Finite element model and analyses
3D illustrated example of a high-pier bridge
Subjected to incidence seismic waves
Pingtang bridge,people’s republic of china
18 Bridge geometry
Roadway curves
Types of horizontal curves
Types of vertical curves
Types of transverse curves
Superelevation and superwidening
Bridge curves
Curve calculations
Bridge mainline curve model
Roadway transverse curve model
Roadway transverse curves
Spiral calculation
Vertical parabola calculation
Curve and surface tessellation
Bridge deck point calculations
Precast segmental bridge geometry control
Long-line casting and
Short-line casting
Final curve and theoretical
Casting curves
Casting segment and
Match cast segment
Casting and matching
Control points and transformation
Procedures of casting and control
Error finding and correction
Evolution of geometry control
In precast segmental bridge
Geometry transformation
Direction consines
Direction conines matrix of
A local coordinate bsystem
Transformation between
Two coordinate system
Deflection of the casting
System in global system
An example of short-line match
Casting geometry control
Trend of bridge computer modeling and visualization
References
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